| Chouannerie | |||||||
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| Part ofFrench Revolutionary Wars | |||||||
 The defence ofRochefort-en-Terre, painting by Alexandre Bloch, 1885 | |||||||
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| Belligerents | |||||||
 French Republic |  Chouans Émigrés Great Britain | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
| Jean-Baptiste de Canclaux Jean-Michel Beysser Jean Antoine Rossignol Jean-Baptiste Kléber Lazare Hoche Jean Humbert Guillaume Brune Gabriel d'Hédouville Pierre Quantin Claude Ursule Gency | Georges Cadoudal  Joseph de Puisaye Jean Chouan † Marie Paul de Scépeaux Aimé du Boisguy Louis de Frotté Pierre Guillemot † Amateur de Boishardy Comte Louis de Rosmorduc Louis de Bourmont Louis d'Andigné Pierre-Mathurin Mercier † Jean-Louis Treton Guillaume Le Métayer Charles Armand Tuffin, marquis de la Rouërie | ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
| Army of the West: 1795: 68,000 men 1799: 45,000 men 1800: 75,000 men | 1795–1800: ~55,000 men | ||||||
TheChouannerie (French pronunciation:[ʃwanʁi]ⓘ; from theChouan brothers, two of its leaders) was aroyalist uprising orcounter-revolution in twelve of the westerndépartements of France, particularly in the provinces ofBrittany andMaine, against theFirst Republic during theFrench Revolution. It played out in three phases and lasted from spring 1794 to 1800.[1] The revolt was comparable to theWar in the Vendée, which took place in theVendée region.
The uprising was provoked principally by theCivil Constitution of the Clergy (1790), which attempted to imposeCaesaropapism upon theCatholic Church in France, and the massconscription, orlevée en masse (1793), which was decided by theNational Convention. A first attempt at staging an uprising was carried out by theAssociation bretonne to defend theFrench monarchy and reinstate the devolved government, specific laws, and customs ofDuchy of Brittany, which had all been repealed in 1789. The first confrontations broke out in 1792 and developed in stages into apeasant revolt,guerrilla warfare and finally full-scale battles. It ended only with the Republican forces defeating the rebels in 1800.[1]
Briefer peasant uprisings in otherdépartements like inAveyron andLozère are also identified as "chouanneries". Anotherpetite chouannerie broke out in 1815, during theHundred Days War, and a final one occurred in 1832.
In 1791, the adoption of theCivil Constitution of the Clergy loyalty to State requirements caused peasants aroundVannes to rise to defend theirbishop Sébastien-Michel Amelot from those ofLorient who wanted him to swear this oath of loyalty. In another incident, the following spring, in the area aroundQuimper, a justice of the peace led several parishes in an uprising in the name of KingLouis XVI against the local authorities.[2]
In the summer of 1792, further incidents occurred in the districts ofCarhaix (Finistère),Lannion,Pontrieux (Côtes-d'Armor),Craon,Château-Gontier andLaval, where peasants opposed a levy of volunteers for the army. AtSaint-Ouën-des-Toits, in the department of Mayenne, Jean Cottereau (known as JeanChouan) led the insurgents. His nickname probably came from his imitation of the call of the tawny owl (thechouette hulotte) for a recognition-signal.[2] A reward was put on his head, but he managed to reach England in March 1793. The Republican administration recognised him and his brother as the leaders of the revolt.[3]
By January 1794, the Vendéans of theVendée militaire [fr], following a setback of theVirée de Galerne, tried to resist theinfernal columns of GeneralLouis Marie Turreau. Groups of Chouans north of theLoire took up arms again in the areas crossed by the Vendeans. The Chouannerie was born on the borders of theMayenne and of theIlle-et-Vilaine, nearFougères,Vitré and Laval.[4] The small groups, led byJean Chouan,Aimé du Boisguy andJean-Louis Treton [fr] (nicknamedJambe d'Argent, i.e. "Silver Leg"), had Chouans and Vendeans who survived theVirée de Galerne, leaders who were compromised in the peasant uprisings of March 1793 and even deserters.[5] Condemned to live in almost total secrecy, the Chouans knew that capture by the Republicans would mean certain death. Most of them were motivated by a desire to avenge their relatives who had disappeared in the Virée de Galerne.[5]
Usingguerrilla warfare tactics, Chouans in groups of a few score or a few hundred men ambushed military detachments, couriers and stagecoaches carrying government funds. They attacked Republican towns and executed informers, constitutional priests and republicans, and many administrators.
To oppose the Chouans, Republicans built strongholds or fortified towns, which were defended by local territorial guards. They were led by GeneralJean Antoine Rossignol, the chief commander of theArmy of the Coasts of Brest. A law enacted on 23 March 1793 mandated that captured insurgents were to be executed by firing squad or by guillotine within 24 hours. Rossignol also assembled groups of fake Chouan outlaws to do as much as possible to discredit the real Chouans.
Murders were carried out throughout the whole war with a varying degree of intensity, for example, in the district of Fougères, 2,000 Chouans and a fluctuating number of Republicans, 219 people were assassinated or executed by Chouans and 300 by Republicans. This number did not include deaths during fights,summary executions on the battlefield or executions following the expeditive revolutionary due process of law.[6]
The Chouannerie spread quickly toBrittany and reached theCôtes-d'Armor, which was dominated by the Chevalier de Boishardy. On 15 March, it reachedMorbihan, where Joseph de Fay and Béjarry, former officers of the Vendean army, assisted byPierre Guillemot incited a peasant uprising aimed at Vannes. The insurgents were easily countered by the Republicans at thebattle of Mangolérian [fr]. However, inFinistère and the west of Côtes-d'Armor,Basse-Cornouaille,Léon andTrégor did not take part in the uprising.
Georges Cadoudal andPierre-Mathurin Mercier [fr], nicknamedla Vendée, rescued from theBattle of Savenay, moved to the Morbihan, where Boulainvilliers was appointed general-in-chief of the département. However, Boulainvilliers defected to Ille-et-Vilaine with money taken from the headquarters.Sébastien de La Haye de Silz succeeded him as general. Boulainvilliers foolishly returned a few months later in the Morbihan. He was captured and shot by Pierre Guillemot's men.
Otherdépartements, however, were not as united as the Morbihan. In the north ofAnjou,Marie Paul de Scépeaux de Bois-Guignot was named commander for the north ofMaine-et-Loire. His authority later extended to Loire-Atlantique, Mayenne andSarthe. However, he commanded in name only since like in otherdépartements, his authority as a Chouan chief only extended to his own canton.Joseph de Puisaye, a former officer who was compromised in thefederalist revolts, realised the necessity of centralised command and attempted to assume the function of general-in-chief of the Chouans. Recognised by some chiefs, Puisaye embarked fromDinard to London on 11 September 1794 to meet future KingCharles X of France. Major-GeneralPierre Dezoteux de Cormatin, his second-in-command, assumed command in his absence.
Charles X favouredabsolute monarchy and distrusted Puisaye, who advocatedparliamentary monarchy. However, after the intervention of British Prime MinisterWilliam Pitt the Younger, Puisaye was appointed general-in-chief of the Royal and Catholic Army of Brittany on 15 October 1794 with the rank oflieutenant general, thus entrusting him with the king's authority. His power thus extended to all the insurgent areas north of theLoire, including theMaine and Anjou, where Scépeaux appointed him general-in-chief.
WhenMaximilien Robespierrefell on 28 July 1794, theTerror ended and theConvention nationale became more flexible and open to negotiation. TheAgence royaliste de Paris asked the Chouans in the name ofLouis, comte de Provence, to stop fighting. On 26 December, Brigadier GeneralJean Humbert and the Chouan chief Boishardy met to discuss peace options. Puisaye tried to organise a landing from London, and his lieutenant, Cormatin, assumed full command and negotiated thepeace treaty of La Mabilais in April 1795. He was followed by a few local leaders.[7] Of the 121 leaders attending, only 21, including de Silz and Boishardy, signed the treaty.[8]
Because neither side had negotiated in good faith, tension again increased following the death ofLouis XVII on 8 June. The peace was broken on 26 August 1794 by GeneralLazare Hoche, who succeededJean Antoine Rossignol as head of theArmy of the Coasts of Brest and ordered the arrest of those who had refused to sign the treaty of La Mabilais. Hoche thought that Cormatin was trying to outsmart him. Cormatin was imprisoned and would not be freed before 1802. Boishardy, who did not sign, was killed during the night of 17 to 18 June betweenBréhand andMoncontour. Likewise, de Silz, who had taken up arms again, was attacked on 28 June atGrand-Champ by the troops of Adjutant-General Josnet. De Silz was killed in action, and his men retreated.
On 23 June 1795, a British fleet led by CommodoreJohn Borlase Warren, landed 3,500 soldiers of theémigré army inCarnac. They joined 15,000 Chouans led byVincent de Tinténiac,Paul Alexandre du Bois-Berthelot [fr] andJacques Anne Joseph Le Prestre de Vauban, the great-grandnephew of MarshalSébastien Le Prestre de Vauban. However, disagreements between the general of theémigrésLouis Charles d'Hervilly and the expedition leaderPuisaye cost the Royalists precious time.
A counterattack by Hoche forced the Chouans back to theQuiberon peninsula. On 10 July, two columns of Chouan troops wearing English uniforms embarked on British ships from the peninsula and were landed behind Republican lines. However, the men from the first column, led by Lantivy du Rest andJean Jan [fr], scattered. The second column, led by Vincent de Tinténiac and seconded byGeorges Cadoudal, prepared to attack but received a message from theAgence royaliste de Paris requiring them to join a second British landing at Côtes-d'Armor. Tinténiac hesitated in the face of opposition from Cadoudal but obeyed the order. He was killed on his way there atCoëtlogon on 18 July. They reached the bay ofSaint-Brieuc, but since the British fleet had joined them, they returned to the Morbihan and appointed Cadoudal as their general.
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Meanwhile, in Quiberon, reinforcements of 2,000 men led byCharles de Virot de Sombreuil joined theémigrés. They attempted to attack on 16 July, but were crushed. Hoche launched a final assault on 20 July and routed theémigrés. Louis Charles d'Hervilly was fatally wounded, and Puisaye managed to board a British ship. The Republicans took more than 6,000 prisoners. 748 of them were shot by firing squad, including Sombreuil. The day before his execution, he wrote a letter to Commodore Warren denouncing the flight of the Chief General,Joseph de Puisaye.
That letter had an enormous impact on the Chouans. A council of officers in Morbihan sentenced Puisaye to deathin absentia. He returned to Brittany in autumn 1795, where he was arrested by Pierre-Mathurin Mercier and brought before Cadoudal. Puisaye defended himself vigorously and found that he still had the support of the Count of Artois. Cadoual and Puisaye eventually reconciled.
Guerilla fighting resumed after the failure of the British royalist expedition and spread toNormandy, whereLouis de Frotté, who had freshly landed in France in 1795, organised an uprising.
Puisaye had suffered a loss of reputation and blamed the Chouans of the Morbihan and their chiefs, who he claimed were hostile towards nobles and wanted to "establish equality under a white flag". Puisaye left the Morbihan for the Ille-et-Vilaine, where the division chiefs were of the nobility, and joined theMordelles division led byJean-Joseph Ruault de La Tribonnière [fr]. He did not receive much more support than in the Morbihan, but he remained commander-in-chief because of the support of the Count of Artois. Puisaye wanted a Chouannerie led by nobles and founded the company of thechevaliers catholiques [fr]. Severalémigrés joined France to fight with the Chouans, but numerous disputes broke out among them.
In January 1796, Puisaye joined theFougères division, the most important one in Ille-et-Vilaine, and appointed as his chiefAimé Picquet du Boisguy, Chief General of the Ille-et-Vilaine and of the east of the Côtes-d'Armor. However, in practice, Boisguy controlled only the east of Ille-et-Vilaine, and Frotté and Scépeaux acknowledged Puisaye as General-in-Chief in name only.
To fight the Chouans, the Republican forces were organised in three armies. The Army of the Coasts of Brest, led by Lazare Hoche, was based alternately inRennes or Vannes and controlled the Finistère, the Morbihan, the Côtes-d'Armor, the Ille-et-Vilaine and the Mayenne. TheArmy of the West, led byJean Baptiste Camille Canclaux, was based inNantes and controlledLoire-Atlantique, Maine-et-Loire, theVendée andDeux-Sèvres. TheArmy of the Coasts of Cherbourg, led byJean-Baptiste Annibal Aubert du Bayet, was based inSaint-Malo and controlledManche,Orne,Calvados, Sarthe and part of Ille-et-Vilaine.
In December 1795, theDirectoire named Hoche chief general of all the Republican forces based in the West and gave him full authority. The Armies of the West, of the Coasts of Brest and of the Coasts of Cherbourg were merged to form the Army of the Coasts of the Ocean.
Despite the Quiberon disaster, the Chouans had some victories in the coming months. Hoche however changed tactics in the beginning of 1796. He set up mobile columns, promised amnesty to Chouans who surrendered, guaranteed religious freedom and strove to discipline the army. Many Chouans and Vendeans were amenable to those measures and laid down their arms.
Hoche's priority was to pacify the Vendée.Jean-Nicolas Stofflet was captured and shot by firing squad inAngers on 25 February 1796.François de Charette was hunted down, imprisoned and shot on 29 March 1796. His death marked the end of theWar in the Vendée.
Since the Vendée was pacified, Hoche turned his attention to the Chouans. Faced by large Republican numbers, Chouan chiefs gradually surrendered. Scépeaux was the first to surrender, on 14 May.[9]Georges Cadoudal signed a peace treaty on 19 June.[10] Louis de Frotté refused to sign a peace treaty and embarked for England and left his lieutenants to sign it on 23 June.Aimé Picquet du Boisguy was the last to surrender, on 26 June.[11]Puisaye returned to England.
The uprising lasted until the Republican victory in 1800.[1]
The principal leaders of the insurrection wereGeorges Cadoudal, his brother Julian,Jean Cottereau, called Jean Chouan; Pierre Guillemot, known asthe king of Bignan;Joseph de Puisaye, Louis-Charles de Sol de Grisolles, Auguste and Sébastien de La Haye de Silz, John-Louis Treton, nicknamed Jambe d'Argent; Tristan-Llhermitte, Michel Jacquet, known as Taillefer; Joseph-Juste Coquereau, Aimé du Boisguy, Boishardy, Pierre-Mathurin Mercier and Bonfils de Saint Loup.
In Brittany, the Chouans were supported by many nobles:Charles Armand Tuffin, marquis de la Rouërie, the Chevalier de Boishardy, Count Louis of Rosmorduc, the Picquet brothers of Boisguy, as well as by commoners (the brothers Cadoudal). InLower Normandy, Count Louis de Frotte had a dominant role. One of the lieutenants in lower Maine was Guillaume Le Métayer, who was nicknamed Rochambeau.
In the Vendée, the nobility were not able to play their normal military role. There was never any properly-organised army and was mostly small elusive bands. The Chouan leaders were, above all, peasant farmers.
In contrast to the earlier War in the Vendée of 1793, the Chouannerie did not have any territory, the cities and many towns having remained Republican, but some districts were openly in revolt. There was also thePetite Vendée in the lower part of Maine, which was controlled by the Prince of Talmont.
The Chouannerie was very difficult to suppress since its fighting forces had not been beaten during the Vendée War. Also, it had many leaders, and its army units were small and dispersed.
This Chouannerie uprising was featured in the novelLes Chouans byHonoré de Balzac,Ninety-Three byVictor Hugo, andThe Man in Grey, a collection of short stories about the Chouans byBaroness Orczy. The uprising is also the central action of the novelThe Marquis of Carabas byRafael Sabatini. It was also depicted in paintings and popular imagery.
InBreton literature,Lan Inisan publishedEmgann Kergidou ("The Battle of Kergidou") in 1877, the first and only novel in theBreton language to be published before theFirst World War. The novel is set during the 1793 uprising inSaint-Pol-de-Léon.[12]
This article incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain: Wood, James, ed. (1907). "Chouans".The Nuttall Encyclopædia. London and New York: Frederick Warne.
Media related toChouannerie at Wikimedia Commons| Preceded by Battle of Fleurus (1794) | French Revolution: Revolutionary campaigns Chouannerie | Succeeded by Battle of Aldenhoven (1794) |
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