Chiune Sugihara | |
|---|---|
杉原 千畝 | |
.jpg) Sugihara, before 1945 | |
| Born | (1900-01-01)1 January 1900 Kozuchi, Gifu, Japan |
| Died | 31 July 1986(1986-07-31) (aged 86) Kamakura, Kanagawa, Japan |
| Resting place | Kamakura Cemetery |
| Other names | "Sempo", Sergei Pavlovich Sugihara |
| Occupation | Vice-consul for the Japanese Empire in Lithuania |
| Known for | Rescue of thousands of Jews during the Holocaust |
| Spouses | |
| Children | 4 |
| Awards |
|
Chiune Sugihara (杉原 千畝,Sugihara Chiune; 1 January 1900 – 31 July 1986)[1] was a Japanese diplomat who served as vice-consul for theJapanese Empire inKaunas,Lithuania. During theSecond World War, Sugihara helped thousands ofJews flee Europe by issuing transit visas to them so that they could travel throughJapanese territory, risking his career and the lives of his family.[2][3] The fleeing Jews were refugees fromGerman-occupied Western Poland andSoviet-occupied Eastern Poland, as well as residents of Lithuania.
Lithuania declared the year 2020 as "The Year of Chiune Sugihara" in his honor. Today, the estimated number of descendants of those who received "Sugihara visas" ranges between 40,000[4] and 100,000.[5]
In 2021 a street inJerusalem was dedicated in his honor.
 | This sectionneeds additional citations forverification. Please helpimprove this article byadding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.(April 2025) (Learn how and when to remove this message) |
Chiune Sugihara was born on 1 January 1900 (Meiji 33), inMino, Gifu prefecture, to a middle-class father, Yoshimi Sugihara (杉原好水,Sugihara Yoshimi), and an upper-middle class mother, Yatsu Sugihara (杉原やつ,Sugihara Yatsu).[6] When he was born, his father worked at a tax office in Kozuchi-town and his family lived in a borrowed temple, with the Buddhist temple Kyōsen-ji (教泉寺) where he was born nearby. He was the second son among five boys and one girl.[1] His father and family moved into the tax office within the branch of the Nagoya Tax Administration Office one after another. In 1903 his family moved toAsahi Village in Niu-gun,Fukui Prefecture. In 1904 they moved toYokkaichi,Mie Prefecture. On 25 October 1905, they moved toNakatsu Town, Ena-gun, Gifu Prefecture. In 1906 (Meiji 39) on 2 April, Chiune entered Nakatsu Town Municipal Elementary School (now Nakatsugawa City Minami Elementary School in Gifu Prefecture). On 31 March 1907, he transferred to Kuwana Municipal Kuwana Elementary School inMie Prefecture (currently Kuwana Municipal Nissin Elementary School). In December of that same year, he transferred to Nagoya Municipal Furuwatari Elementary School (now Nagoya Municipal Heiwa Elementary School). In 1912, he graduated with top honors from Furuwatari Elementary School and entered Aichi prefectural 5th secondary school (now Zuiryo high school), a combined junior and senior high school. His father wanted him to become a physician, but Chiune deliberately failed the entrance exam by writing only his name on the exam papers. Instead, he enteredWaseda University in 1918 (Taishō 7) and majored in English language. At that time, he entered Yuai Gakusha, the Christian fraternity that had been founded byBaptist pastor Harry Baxter Benninghoff, to improve his English.
In 1919, he passed the Foreign Ministry Scholarship exam. From 1920 to 1922, Sugihara served in theImperial Japanese Army as asecond lieutenant with the79th Infantry Regiment, stationed inKorea, then part of the Empire of Japan. He resigned his commission in November 1922 and took the Foreign Ministry's language qualifying exams the following year, passing the Russian exam with distinction. The Japanese Foreign Ministry recruited him and assigned him toHarbin,Manchuria, China, where he also studied the Russian and German languages and later became an expert on Russian affairs.
When Sugihara served in theManchukuo (Manchurian) Foreign Office, he took part in the negotiations with theSoviet Union concerning theNorthern Manchurian Railway. Sugihara was said to be the best Russian-speaker in the Japanese government, according to Australian translatorRoger Pulvers, and negotiated an agreement favourable to Japan with the Soviet Union which allowed Japan’s Northern Manchurian Railway's expansion.[7]
During his time in Harbin, Sugihara married Klaudia Semionovna Apollonova and converted to Christianity (Russian Orthodox Church),[8] using the baptismal name Sergei Pavlovich.[2]
In 1934, Sugihara quit his post as Deputy Foreign Minister in Manchukuo in protest over Japanese mistreatment of the local Chinese.[9]
Sugihara and his wife divorced in 1935, before he returned to Japan, where he married Yukiko Kikuchi (1913–2008).[10] They had four sons – Hiroki, Chiaki, Haruki, and Nobuki. As of 2025, Nobuki is the only surviving son and represents the Sugihara family at numerous ceremonies worldwide.[11][12]
Chiune Sugihara also served in the Information Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and as a translator for the Japanese delegation inHelsinki, Finland.[13]
| Righteous Among the Nations |
|---|
 |
| By country |
In 1939, Sugihara became a vice-consul of the Japanese Consulate inKaunas, thetemporary capital of Lithuania. His duties included reporting on Soviet and German troop movements,[1] and to find out if Germany planned an attack on the Soviets and, if so, to report the details of this attack to his superiors in Berlin and Tokyo.[14]
Sugihara had cooperated withPolish intelligence as part of a biggerJapanese–Polish cooperative plan.[15]
In Lithuania, Sugihara started using theSino-Japanese reading "Sempo" for his given name,[16] since it was easier to pronounce than "Chiune".[17]
As theSoviet Union occupied sovereign Lithuania in 1940, manyPolish andLithuanian Jews fearing persecution tried to acquireexit visas.[18] While under Soviet occupation, it was announced that many foreign consulates in Kaunas would soon be closed. Per the Holocaust researcher and historianDavid Kranzler, Dutch national Nathan Gutwirth asked the Dutch Ambassador to the Baltic states, L. P. J. de Dekker, for a travel visa. Per the granddaughter of another Dutch national Peppy Sterinheim Lewin made the request. Either one or both of the above sought to reachCuraçao, then a Dutch colony, with subsequent plans to reach the United States.[19][20] Dekker was operating out of the Dutch consulate inRiga, Latvia. They were informed that no visa would be required, but travelers were instead required to obtain permission from the governor to land. Gutwirth or Lewin convinced de Dekker to issue the travel document with the second phrase omitted, instead only indicating that no visa was required.[21] The island had been providing fuel via its oil refineries toAllied forces, and was unwilling to let in immigrants from enemy territories.[22]
Dekker requested and authorized the Dutch honorary consulJan Zwartendijk to issue the same text to Jews in Kovno who wished to escape from Lithuania.[23][21] In the period between 16 July and 3 August 1940,Jan Zwartendijk provided over 2,200 Jews with similar notations in their passports.[citation needed]
In June 1940, as Italy entered the war, exit routes viathe Mediterranean Sea were closed. The Committee in Greater Germany, forced to seek new outlets for emigration, arranged for the transportation of Jews from Germany across Europe and Asia (via theTrans-Siberian Railway) to Vladivostok, and then to Japan. From Japan the refugees were to embark for destinations in the Western Hemisphere.
Although the Soviet Union began offering citizenship to those living in occupied Lithuania, some instead still wished to emigrate—principally rabbis, yeshiva students, members of the intellectual classes and leaders of various Jewish communal and labor organizations. Travel visas to Japan were initially granted without much difficulty, and theJDC, in collaboration with a number of other American Jewish groups, contributed toward the funds required for the Trans-Siberian trip to Japan of 1,700 persons.[citation needed]
In July of 1940, Jewish refugees from Germany, Poland, Lithuania, and other countries began arriving in Japan atTsuruga,Shimonoseki andKobe.[24] Japanese embassies and consulates except Kaunas issued 3,448 Japanese transit visas from January 1940 to March 1941.[25] Nearly half of the recipients held valid end-visas and immediately departed Japan.[citation needed]
The number of Jewish refugees who came to Japan, as seen in Table 1, has been documented as 4,500,[26] 5,000[27] or 6,000.[28] The 552 persons noted in the second row of the table do not match the number of departing persons edited by Jewcom.[29] The Siberian railway had been closed and no evidence supporting this figure is found in JDC annual reports or MOFA documents. For the 200 persons described in Note 1 of Table 1, there is a document in the Archives of MOFA[30] that the Japanese consulate of Vladivostok transferred about 50 Jewish refugees who had been stranded in Vladivostok to Shanghai with Soviet Union cargo on 26 April 1941.[31]
At the time, the Japanese government required that Japanese transit visas be issued only to those who had gone through appropriate immigration procedures, had enough funds and an onward final destination. Most of the refugees did not fulfill these criteria. Sugihara dutifully contacted theJapanese Foreign Ministry three times for instructions. Each time, the Ministry responded that anybody granted a visa should be in possession of a destination visa to an onward country beyond Japan, without exception.[1]
Being aware that applicants were in danger if they stayed behind, Sugihara decided to ignore his orders and, from July 18 to August 28, 1940, he issued over 2100 transit visas. Given his inferior post and the culture of the Japanese Foreign Service bureaucracy, this was an unusual act of disobedience. He spoke to Soviet officials who agreed to let the Jews travel through the country via theTrans-Siberian Railway. His wife Yukiko who supported and encouraged him later recalled, "My husband and I talked about the visas before he issued them. We understood that both the Japanese and German governments disagreed with our ideas, but we went ahead anyhow."[32]
Sugihara continued to hand-write visas, reportedly spending 18 to 20 hours a day on them, producing a normal month's worth of visas each day, until September 4, 1940, when he had to leave his post before the consulate was closed. By that time, he had granted thousands of visas to Jews, many of whom were heads of households and thus permitted to take their families with them. Some sources say that before he left, he handed the official consulate stamp to a refugee so that more visas could be forged.[33] His son, Nobuki Sugihara, adamantly insisted in an interview withAnn Curry that his father never gave the stamp to anyone.[34] According to witnesses, he was still writing visas while in transit from his hotel and after boarding the train atKaunas railway station, throwing visas into the crowd of desperate refugees out of the train's window even as the train pulled out. His son Hiroki noted, "my father continued to pen visas even at the railway station, throwing the last stamped passports out of the window of our train".[35]
In final desperation, blank sheets of paper with only the consulate seal and his signature (that could be later written over into a visa) were hurriedly prepared and flung out from the train. As he prepared to depart, he said, "Please forgive me. I cannot write anymore. I wish you the best." When he bowed deeply to the people before him, someone exclaimed, "Sugihara. We'll never forget you. I'll surely see you again!"[13]
Sugihara himself wondered about official reaction to the thousands of visas he issued. Many years later, he recalled, "No one ever said anything about it. I remember thinking that they probably didn't realize how many I actually issued."[36]
On the number of refugees passing through Japan who held Japanese transit visas for Curaçao issued by Sugihara, the so-called "Sugihara visa", there are two documents stating numbers of 2,200[37] and 6,000.[13]
K. Watanabe argued that there could be 6,000, arguing that use by three family members per visa is reasonable, that there were newspaper articles reporting the 6,000 figure, and that most of the refugees landing on Tsuruga were now admitted with a Sugihara visa. On 29 September 1983, Fuji Television aired a documentary "One visa that decided their fate – the Japanese who saved 4,500 Jews."
In 1985 some Japanese newspapers reported that he saved 6,000 people and others 4,500.[38]The Japan Times, dated 19 January 1985, had the headline "Japanese Man honored for saving 6,000 Jews";[39] theLos Angeles Times reported, "Sugihara defied orders from Tokyo and issued transit visas to nearly 6,000 Jews".[40] US newspapers[which?] referred to Sugihara as "a diplomat who defied his government's orders and issued transit visas for 6,000 Jews".
Table 2 shows the number of refugees who had stayed at Kobe in 1941 based on Archives of MOFA. Refugees classified as "No visa" in the table are presumed to have held fakes of Japanese transit visas issued by Sugihara.[41] The Soviets wanted to purge Polish refugees who had been stranded in Soviet territory with Japanese transit visas as soon as possible,[42] and so permitted them to get on the train toVladivostok with or without a destination visa. The Japanese government was forced to admit them. On 8 April 1941, of the 1,400 Polish Jews staying at Kobe, about 1,300 were "for Curaçao" or "No visa".
.jpg)
The Polish ambassador in Tokyo,Tadeusz Romer, remembered, "They (Polish refugees) only had fictitious Dutch visas for the island of Curaçao and Japanese transit visas." According to the refugee name list surveyed by Fukui Prefecture,[43] of the 306 persons who landed at Tsuruga Port in October 1940, there were 203 Poles. Their destinations were US 89, Palestine 46, Curaçao 24, and others. It is estimated that about 80% of them were on the Sugihara visa list.[44] The documents of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum[45] and "Refugee and Survivor" do not mention the number of people saved by a "Sugihara visa".
More than half of the refugees who entered with invalid visas, including a "Sugihara visa", obtained valid visas with the help ofJDC,HIAS, the Embassy of Poland, and the Japanese government, and embarked for host countries. In August–September 1941, Japanese authorities transferred about 850 refugees[46] stranded in Japan to Shanghai before Japan and the United States began war. According to Emigration Table by Jewcom, the number of Polish refugees leaving Japan for various destinations was Shanghai 860, US 532, Canada 186, Palestine 186, Australia 81, South Africa 59, and others 207, in total 2,111.
The total number of Jews saved by Sugihara is in dispute, with estimates around 6,000; family visas—which allowed several people to travel on one visa—were also issued, which would account for the much higher figure. Research into the ratio of "accompanying family members" to valid visa holders published in the 2022 bookEmerging Heroes by Akira Kitade concludes that "3,000 is the appropriate final number" (p. 132). TheSimon Wiesenthal Center has estimated that Chiune Sugihara issued transit visas for about 6,000 Jews and that around 40,000 descendants of the Jewish refugees are alive today because of his actions. Polish intelligence produced some forged visas.[47] Sugihara's widow and eldest son estimate that he saved 10,000 Jews from certain death, whereas Boston University professor and authorHillel Levine also estimates that he helped "as many as 10,000 people," but that far fewer people ultimately survived.[48] Some Jews who received Sugihara's visas did not leave Lithuania in time, were captured by the Germans afterGermany invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941, and perished in the Holocaust.
TheDiplomatic Record Office of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs has opened to the public two documents concerning Sugihara's file: the first aforementioned document is a 5 February 1941 diplomatic note from Chiune Sugihara to Japan's then Foreign MinisterYōsuke Matsuoka in which Sugihara stated he issued 1,500 out of 2,139 transit visas to Jews and Poles; however, since most of the 2,139 people were not Jewish, this would imply that most of the visas were given to Polish Jews instead. Levine then notes that another document from the same foreign office file "indicates an additional 3,448 visas were issued inKaunas for a total of 5,580 visas" which were likely given to Jews desperate to flee Lithuania for safety in Japan or Japanese occupied-China.
Many refugees used their visas to travel across the Soviet Union toVladivostok and then by boat toKobe, Japan, where there was aJewish community. Romer, the Polish ambassador in Tokyo, organized help for them. From August 1940 to November 1941, he had managed to get transit visas in Japan, asylum visas to Canada, Australia,New Zealand, andBurma, immigration certificates to BritishMandatory Palestine, and immigrant visas to the United States and some Latin American countries for more than two thousand Polish-Lithuanian Jewish refugees, who arrived inKobe, Japan, and theShanghai Ghetto, China.
The remaining number of Sugihara survivors stayed in Japan until they were deported to Japanese-occupied Shanghai, where there was alreadya large Jewish community that had existed as early as the mid-1930s. Some took the route through Korea directly to Shanghai without passing through Japan. A group of thirty people, all possessing a visa of "Jakub Goldberg", were shuttled back and forth on the open sea for several weeks before finally being allowed to pass throughTsuruga.[49] Most of the around 20,000 Jews survivedthe Holocaust in the Shanghai ghetto until theJapanese surrender in 1945, three to four months following the collapse of the Third Reich itself.
| External image | |
|---|---|
 Sugihara and his wife in front of a gate in Prague. It reads "No Jews allowed" in German but "Jews allowed" in Czech,[50] because someone scratched out the "no" |
Sugihara was reassigned toKönigsberg,East Prussia[48][page needed] before serving as a Consul General inPrague, in theGerman-occupiedProtectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, from March 1941 to late 1942 and in the legation inBucharest,Romania from 1942 to 1944. He was promoted to the rank of third secretary in 1943, and was decorated with theOrder of the Sacred Treasure, 5th Class, in 1944. When Soviet troops entered Romania, they imprisoned Sugihara and his family in aPOW camp for eighteen months. They were released in 1946 and returned to Japan through the Soviet Union via the Trans-Siberian Railway andNakhodka port. In 1947, the Japanese foreign office asked him to resign, due to downsizing. Some sources, including his wife Yukiko Sugihara, have said that the Foreign Ministry told Sugihara he was dismissed because of "that incident" in Lithuania.[48][51]
Sugihara settled inFujisawa inKanagawa Prefecture with his wife and three sons. To support his family he took a series of menial jobs, at one point selling light bulbs door to door. He suffered a personal tragedy in 1947 when his youngest son, Haruki, died at the age of seven, shortly after their return to Japan.[14] In 1949 they had one more son, Nobuki, who is the last son alive representing the Sugihara family, residing in Belgium. Chiune Sugihara later began to work for an export company as general manager of a U.S. Military Post Exchange. Utilizing his command of the Russian language, Sugihara went on to work as a trade representative and live a low-key existence in the Soviet Union for sixteen years, while his family stayed in Japan.
In 1968, Yehoshua Nishri, an economic attaché to the Israeli Embassy in Tokyo and one of the Sugihara beneficiaries, finally located and contacted him. The next year Sugihara visitedIsrael and was greeted by the Israeli government. Sugihara beneficiaries began to lobby for his recognition byYad Vashem. Sugihara was too ill to travel to Israel, so his wife and youngest son Nobuki accepted the honor on his behalf.[citation needed]
In 1985, 45 years after theSoviet invasion of Lithuania, he was asked his reasons for issuing visas to the Jews. Sugihara explained that the refugees were human beings, and that they simply needed help.
You want to know about my motivation, don't you? Well. It is the kind of sentiments anyone would have when he actually sees refugees face to face, begging with tears in their eyes. He just cannot help but sympathize with them. Among the refugees were the elderly and women. They were so desperate that they went so far as to kiss my shoes. Yes, I actually witnessed such scenes with my own eyes. Also, I felt at that time, that the Japanese government did not have any uniform opinion in Tokyo. Some Japanese military leaders were just scared because of the pressure from the Nazis; while other officials in the Home Ministry were simply ambivalent.People in Tokyo were not united. I felt it silly to deal with them. So, I made up my mind not to wait for their reply. I knew that somebody would surely complain about me in the future. But, I myself thought this would be the right thing to do. There is nothing wrong in saving many people's lives... The spirit of humanity, philanthropy... neighborly friendship... with this spirit, I ventured to do what I did, confronting this most difficult situation – and because of this reason, I went ahead with redoubled courage.[52]
When asked by Moshe Zupnik, who received one of the visas from Sugihara in 1940,[53] why he risked his career to save other people, he said simply: "I do it just because I have pity on the people. They want to get out so I let them have the visas."
Chiune Sugihara died at a hospital inKamakura, on 31 July 1986, and was buried in Kamakura Cemetery (Kamakura Reien).[54] Despite the publicity given him in Israel and other nations, he had remained virtually unknown in his home country. Only when a large Jewish delegation from around the world, including the Israeli ambassador to Japan, attended his funeral, did his neighbours find out what he had done.[51] His subsequent considerable posthumous acclaim contrasts with the obscurity in which he lived following the loss of his diplomatic career.[55]
His death spotlighted his humanitarian acts during World War II and created the opportunity to revise his reputation as a diplomat in his own country. In 1991Muneo Suzuki, Parliamentary Vice-President of Foreign Affairs, apologized to Chiune's family for the long-time unfair treatment by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.[56] Official honor restoration by Japanese Government was made on 10 October 2000, when Foreign MinisterYōhei Kōno set the award plaque and gave a commendation speech at the ceremony for Sugihara at theDiplomatic Archives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan.[57]
Saint Chiune Sugihara | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Righteous | |
| Born | 1 January 1900 |
| Died | 31 July 1986 |
| Venerated in | Eastern Orthodox Church |
Chiune Sugihara is venerated in theEastern Orthodox Church.[58]
Troparion, tone 8:
A great light has shone forth to us from the Orient, for thou, o righteous Chiune, suffered as Paul the Apostle for the salvation of Old Israel. Now thy spirit rejoices in the Lord who said: A new commandment I give unto you, that you love one another as I have loved you.
In 1984,Yad Vashem bestowed theRighteous Among the Nations title on Chiune Sugihara, the only Japanese national to have been so honored. He was too ill to travel to receive the award at the Israeli embassy in Tokyo, so his wife and one or more of his children accepted the honor on his behalf.
Sugihara Street in Vilnius, Lithuania, Chiune (Sempo) Sugihara Street in Jaffa, Israel, and theasteroid25893 Sugihara are named after him.
In 1992, the town ofYaotsu opened the Park of Humanity, on a hill overlooking the town. In 2000, theChiune Sugihara Memorial Hall was opened to the public. Since its establishment, more than 600,000 visitors, Japanese and foreign, visited and studied about Sugihara and his virtue.
A corner for Sugihara Chiune is set up in thePort of Humanity Tsuruga Museum nearTsuruga Port, the place where many Jewish refugees arrived in Japan, in the city ofTsuruga, Fukui, Japan.[59]
The Sugihara House Museum is inKaunas, Lithuania.[60] TheConservative synagogue Temple Emeth, inChestnut Hill, Massachusetts, US, built a "Sugihara Memorial Garden"[61] and holds an Annual Sugihara Memorial Concert. In 1996,Albany, New York erected a plaque honoring Sugihara in the city's Raoul Wallenberg Park.[62][63]
When Sugihara's widow Yukiko travelled to Jerusalem in 1998, she was met by tearful survivors who showed her the yellowing visas that her husband had signed. A park in Jerusalem is named after him. Sugihara appeared on a 1998 Israeli postage stamp. The Japanese government honored him on the centennial of his birth in 2000.[1]
In 2001, asakura park with 200 trees was planted inVilnius,Lithuania, to mark the 100th anniversary of Sugihara.[clarification needed][64]
In 2002, a memorial statue of Chiune Sugihara by Ramon G. Velazco titled "Chiune Sugihara Memorial, Hero of the Holocaust" was installed in theLittle Tokyo neighborhood ofLos Angeles,California, US. The life-size bronze statue depicts Sugihara seated on a bench and holding a hand-written visa. Adjacent to the statue is a granite boulder with dedication plaques and a quotation from theTalmud: "He who saves one life, saves the entire world." Its dedication was attended by consuls from Japan, Israel and Lithuania, Los Angeles city officials and Sugihara's son, Chiaki Sugihara.[65]
In 2007 he wasposthumously awarded the Commander's Cross with the Star of theOrder of Polonia Restituta,[66] and the Commander's CrossOrder of Merit of the Republic of Poland by thePresident of Poland in 1996.[67] Also, in 1993, he was awarded the Life Saving Cross of Lithuania.He wasposthumously awarded the Sakura Award by the Japanese Canadian Cultural Centre (JCCC) in Toronto in November 2014.
In June 2016, a street inNetanya, Israel, was named for Sugihara in the presence of his son Nobuki, as a number of Netanya's current residents are descendants of the Lithuanian Jews who had been given a means of escaping the Third Reich.[68]There is also a street named Rua Cônsul Chiune Sugihara inLondrina, Brazil.
The Lithuanian government declared 2020 "The Year of Chiune Sugihara", promising to erect a monument to him and issue postage stamps in his honor.[69] A monument to Sugihara, featuring origami cranes, was unveiled in Kaunas in October 2020.[70]
Since October 2021, there is a Chiune Sugihara Square in Jerusalem as well as a Garden named for him in the Kiryat Hayovel neighborhood of the city.[71]
A ceremony on a planned street named after the late Japanese diplomat Chiune Sugihara was held in Netanya, Israel, on Tuesday. Sugihara issued transit visas to thousands of Jews people during World War II, which later came to be known as "visas for life," as they saved many from Nazi persecution. Netanya is known as a place where many Jews arrived after fleeing from the oppression thanks to visas issued by Sugihara. The plan to build the street marks 30 years since Sugihara's death. "It's such an honor. I wish my father was here," said Sugihara's fourth son, Nobuki, 67.
