TheChislehurst Caves are a series of intersecting man-made tunnels and caverns covering some 22 miles (35.4 km)[1] inChislehurst in theLondon Borough of Bromley.
Today the caves are a tourist attraction and, although they are calledcaves, they are entirely man-made and were dug and used aschalk andflintmines. The earliest recorded mention of the mines and lime-burning kilns above dates from a 9th-century Saxon charter and then not again until around 1232AD; they are believed to have been last worked in the 1840s.[2] From the mid-13th to early 19th centuries the "caves" were created and expanded from the mining of raw chalk, flint and lime-burning chalk.
DuringWorld War I the caves were used as anammunition storage dump associated with theRoyal Arsenal atWoolwich. In the 1930s the tunnels were used formushroom cultivation.
When theaerial bombardment of London began in September 1940, the caves were used as anair-raid shelter. Soon they became an underground city accommodating up to 15,000 inhabitants (who each paid a penny to enter).[3] The tunnels were fitted with electric lighting, toilets and washing facilities; a chapel was built and also a hospital.
The caves are located close toChislehurst railway station and many people arrived there to then enter the shelter. Shortly afterVE Day the shelter was officially closed. There was one child born in the caves, christened in the cave chapel with the name of Cavena Wakeman, who had the name until she turned 18, when she legally changed her first name to Rose and using Cavena as her middle name.[4][5]
In 1903, William Nichols, then Vice President of theBritish Archaeological Association, produced a theory that the mines were made by theDruids,Romans andSaxons.[6][7] This theory was used to give names to the three parts of the caves: tour guides point out supposed Druid altars and Roman features. However, this is based on Dr Nichols' writings and has not been verified.
The earliest documented evidence for a chalk cave is in 1737. (However, the earliest recorded mention of the mines and lime-burning kilns above, dates from a 9th-century Saxon charter and then not again until around 1232, this being that most likely because there was no taxation on them prior to 1232.) An opposing article in the next issue showed the similarity of the workings to coal mines in theNewcastle area, and argued that most of the excavation had been made in the last two centuries and that the evidence for anydene-holes was slight.[8] However, a dene-hole does exist in what is known as the middle section.
The caves were used between 1830 and the 1860s for producing lime. The 25-inch to a mile (approx 1:2,500)Ordnance Survey map of 1862–63 describes the place as a "chalk pit" and marks an "engine house" and two remaining kilns.[9] A further investigation produced, among other evidence, a letter from the son of one of the workers.[10]
The caves have appeared in several television programmes including episodes ofDoctor Who from 1972 titledThe Mutants.[11] In an episode ofSeven Natural Wonders presented byBill Oddie, the caves were presented as one of the wonders of the London area. The caves were also used in the filmsBeat Girl,The Tribe andInseminoid and in music videos for metal bandsIron Maiden - ("Can I Play With Madness") – and "Cradle of Filth".[12]They appear in Episode Five ofThe Tyrant King (1968).
The caves featured in two episodes ofMost Haunted. A 20-year investigation into the haunting of the caves by author James Wilkinson containing the testimonies of many of the guides and owners over a 50-year period was published in 2011 entitledThe Ghosts of Chislehurst Caves.[13]
James Braxton visited the caves onAntiques Road Trip's Series 23, episode 6.[14]
In the 1950s and 1960s, the caves were used as askiffle androck music venue.
From the mid 1950s to until the early 1960s,Lonnie Donegan played there along with other early British rockers such asAdam Faith, andMarty Wilde. Even American rockers such asGene Vincent andEddie Cochran played here during the early 1960s.
David Bowie was known to have performed there four times: June 1962, 17 November 1962, in 1964 and 4 March 1966.[15]
Pink Floyd played there on 8 December 1967.[16]
Jimi Hendrix played there twice: 16 December 1966 and 27 January 1967.[17][18]
The Yardbirds played there on 1 July 1966.[17]
Eric Burdon and The Animals performed there on 6 October 1967.[17]
The Herd played there on 7 February 1968.[17]
Other artists that have played there werethe Shadows,Tommy Steele,Johnny Kidd and the Pirates,Status Quo,The Pretty Things.The Troggs and jazz acts includingAcker Bilk,Humphrey Lyttelton andKenny Ball.[19]
Radio Caroline broadcast performances on a Saturday night with DJs such asDave Lee Travis,Johnnie Walker,Tony Blackburn andSimon Dee, who would bring down music acts such asMuddy Waters.[19]
51°24′27″N0°03′27″E / 51.4074°N 0.0575°E /51.4074; 0.0575
