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Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)

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Military expedition into Tibet by the Qing dynasty against the Dzungar Khanate

Qing empire expedition to Tibet (1720)

Part ofDzungar–Qing War

"General of settle the distant" enter Lhasa during the expedition.

Date	1720
Location	Tibet
Result	Initial Dzungar victory, later Dzungars expelled from Tibet Establishment ofQing rule in Tibet

Belligerents

Qing dynasty
Polhanas (ally of Qing)
Kangchennas (ally of Qing)

Dzungar Khanate

Commanders and leaders

Yinzheng, Kangxi's fourteenth son, commander-in-chief^[1]
Kangxi Emperor
Yue Zhongqi^[2] (descendant of Yue Fei)
Polhané Sönam Topgyé
Khangchenné

Tagtsepa

Strength

Eight Banners
Green Standard Army

Dzungars

v t e Dzungar–Qing War
Lake Olgoi Ulahui River Ulan Butung Jao Modo Salween River Tibet Hoton Nor Erdene Zuu Oroi-Jalatu Khurungui Khorgos

The1720 Chinese expedition to Tibet (Chinese:驅準保藏;lit. 'Expel the Dzungars to preserve Tibet'[3]) or theChinese conquest of Tibet in 1720^[4] was a military expedition sent by theQing dynasty to expel the invading forces of theDzungar Khanate fromTibet and establishQing rule over the region, which lasted until the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1912.

History

[edit]

TheKhoshut princeGüshi Khan overthrew the prince ofTsang and established theKhoshut Khanate on theTibetan Plateau in 1642. As the main benefactor of theGelug school ofTibetan Buddhism, he made the5th Dalai Lama the highest spiritual and political authority in Tibet,^[5] who established the regime known asGanden Phodrang in the same year. TheDzungar Khanate underTsewang Rabtan invaded Tibet in 1717, deposedNgawang Yeshey Gyatso, the pretender to the position of Dalai Lama ofLha-bzang Khan, who was the last ruler of the Khoshut Khanate, and killed Lhazang Khan and his entire family. They also destroyed a small force at theBattle of the Salween River, which theKangxi Emperor of the Qing empire had sent to clear traditional trade routes in 1718.^[6] Just before his demise, Lha-bzang Khan requested protection from the Qing.^[7] In response, an expedition sent by the Kangxi Emperor, together with Tibetan forces underPolhanas of Tsang andKangchennas (also spelled Gangchenney), the governor of Western Tibet,^[8]^[9] expelled the Dzungars from Tibet in 1720 as liberators of Tibet from the Dzungars. This Manchu-Han-Mongol joint expedition, escorting the recognized reincarnation of the Dalai Lama, attacked from two directions: one from Sichuan, which arrived in Lhasa first and captured the city, and one from the Kokonor (Qinghai) which largely consisted of the Khoshuts and reached the city with the new Dalai Lama on 24 September 1720.^[7]^[10] The Qing installed a new, more popular Dalai Lama, Kelzang Gyatso, as the7th Dalai Lama and left behind a garrison of 3,000 men in Lhasa. In time, the Qing came to see themselves as overlords of Tibet^[11] and Tibet was turned into aprotectorate by the Manchus.^[12] The Qing removed the indigenous civil government that had existed in Lhasa since the rule of the5th Dalai Lama, and created a Tibetan cabinet or council of ministers known as theKashag in 1721. This council was to govern Tibet under the close supervision of the Chinese garrison commander stationed in Lhasa, who frequently interfered with Kashag decisions, especially when Chinese interests were involved.^[13] Khangchenné would be the first ruling prince to lead the Kashag under Qing overlordship. This began the period ofQing administrative rule of Tibet, which lasted until the fall of the Qing empire in 1912.

At multiple places such as Lhasa, Batang, Dartsendo, Lhari, Chamdo, and Litang, Green Standard troops were garrisoned throughout the Dzungar war.^[14]Green Standard Army troops and Manchu Bannermen were both part of the Qing force who fought in Tibet in the war against the Dzungars.^[15] It was said that the Sichuan commander Yue Zhongqi (a descendant ofYue Fei) entered Lhasa first when the 2,000 Green Standard soldiers and 1,000 Manchu soldiers of the "Sichuan route" seized Lhasa.^[16] According to Mark C. Elliott, after 1728 the Qing usedGreen Standard Army troops to man the garrison in Lhasa rather thanBannermen.^[17] According to Evelyn S. Rawski both Green Standard Army and Bannermen made up the Qing garrison in Tibet.^[18] According to Sabine Dabringhaus, Green Standard Chinese soldiers numbering more than 1,300 were stationed by the Qing in Tibet to support the 3,000 strong Tibetan army.^[19]

References

[edit]

^Dai, Yingcong (1 July 2011).The Sichuan Frontier and Tibet: Imperial Strategy in the Early Qing. University of Washington Press. p. 81.ISBN 978-0-295-80070-7. Retrieved3 August 2024.
^Yingcong Dai (2009).The Sichuan Frontier and Tibet: Imperial Strategy in the Early Qing. University of Washington Press. pp. 82–.ISBN 978-0-295-98952-5.
^孔令偉."西藏為何重要？──從清朝對西藏、喜馬拉雅與印度的情報蒐集談起" (in Chinese (Taiwan)). 中研院歷史語言研究所.
^China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia, by Peter C Perdue, p623
^René Grousset,The empire of the Steppes, New Brunswick 1970, p. 522
^Mullin 2001, p. 288
^^a ^bYingcong Dai (2011).The Sichuan Frontier and Tibet: Imperial Strategy in the Early Qing. University of Washington Press. pp. 79–82.ISBN 9780295800707.
^Mullin 2001, p. 290
^Smith, Warren W., Jr., Tibetan Nation: A History Of Tibetan Nationalism And Sino-Tibetan Relations, Westview Press, 1997,ISBN 978-0-8133-3280-2 p. 125
^Christoph Baumer (2018).History of Central Asia Volume 4. Bloomsbury. p. 87.ISBN 9781838608682.
^A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East, by Spencer C. Tucker, p726
^A time-line of Tibet
^China's Tibet Policy, by Dawa Norbu, p76
^Xiuyu Wang (28 November 2011).China's Last Imperial Frontier: Late Qing Expansion in Sichuan's Tibetan Borderlands. Lexington Books. pp. 30–.ISBN 978-0-7391-6810-3.
^Yingcong Dai (2009).The Sichuan Frontier and Tibet: Imperial Strategy in the Early Qing. University of Washington Press. pp. 81–.ISBN 978-0-295-98952-5.
^Yingcong Dai (2009).The Sichuan Frontier and Tibet: Imperial Strategy in the Early Qing. University of Washington Press. pp. 81–82.ISBN 978-0-295-98952-5.
^Mark C. Elliott (2001).The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China. Stanford University Press. pp. 412–.ISBN 978-0-8047-4684-7.
^Evelyn S. Rawski (15 November 1998).The Last Emperors: A Social History of Qing Imperial Institutions. University of California Press. pp. 251–.ISBN 978-0-520-92679-0.
^The Centre and the Provinces: Agents and Interactions. BRILL. 17 April 2014. pp. 123–.ISBN 978-90-04-27209-5.

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