| Total population | |
|---|---|
| c. 800,000-1,200,000 (2025)[1] 1.0% of the French population116,000 Chinese citizens (2023)[2] | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
| Paris region (Quartier asiatique)[a] | |
| Languages | |
| French,Chinese (Wenzhounese,Teochew,Cantonese,Mandarin), someVietnamese | |
| Religion | |
| Irreligion,Buddhism,Taoism,Confucianism,Christianity (Catholicism) | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Overseas Chinese |
| Chinese French | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chinese name | |||||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 法國華人 | ||||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 法国华人 | ||||||||||
| |||||||||||
| Alternative Chinese name | |||||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 法國華僑 | ||||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 法国华侨 | ||||||||||
| |||||||||||
| French name | |||||||||||
| French | Chinois en France | ||||||||||
TheChinese diaspora in France consists of people ofChinese origin who were born in or immigrated toFrance. Chinese form the second largest Asian group in France, with a population of between 800,000 and 1.2 million as of 2025. France hasEurope's largest Chinese population. The Quartier Asiatique in Paris is the largest Chinatown in Europe. The area is populated by nearly 200,000 people, largely of Chinese, Vietnamese and Laotian descent.[1]
The first record of a Chinese man in France isShen Fo-tsung in 1684, and soon afterArcade Huang, also known as Huang Jialüe (1679–1716). He was brought back byJesuit missionaries to theVersailles court ofLouis XIV, the Sun King in the late 17th century, and oversaw a collection of manuscripts sent as a gift from theKangxi Emperor ofQing China.[3]
The opening of the Chinese port atWenzhou in 1876 soon saw a small number of merchants from the region arriving in Paris, being the first wave of Chinese settlement in France. The 1911 census counted 283 Chinese in France. This tiny Chinese population during theBelle Époque period mainly consisted of students, journalists, intellectuals, as well as merchants. Many students of Chinese ethnicity in France were not from China but ratherVietnam, which was a French colony with a significant Chinese population.
In 1902,Li Shizeng andZhang Jingjiang arrived in Paris as "embassy students" accompanying Ambassador to FranceSun Baoqi. Li soon left this official position to study biology atEcole Pratique d'Agriculture du Chesnoy [de] inMontargis, a town 120 kilometres south of Paris. He founded the first factory which manufacturedbeancurd for the French market. Zhang established a Paris gallery which sold Chinese art. Together with their friendWu Zhihui, they formed the French branch of theChinese anarchist movement which drew inspiration from French anarchists. In 1909, the three arranged for 140 students to come from China to work in the beancurd factory in order to support their study of French language and culture. Over the next two decades, Li, Zhang, and Wu established a number of institutions of Sino-French friendship such as theDiligent Work-Frugal Study Movement.[4] Also arriving in Paris at this time was the art-dealerC.T. Loo, who married a French woman and maintained a business there until the 1950s.[5]
Between 1915 and 1916, with theWorld War I conflict at its height between theallies and the Central Powers of Germany and Austro-Hungary, the British recruited more than 100,000 Chinese (Chinese Labour Corps) and their French allies some 40,000, and shipped them to the French western front as desperately needed labour to relieve an acute manpower shortage.[6] They cleared mines, repaired roads and unloaded ships, with their contribution going unrecognized for decades. Mainly aged between 20 and 35 and hailing from the northern Chinese provinces ofHebei,Jiangsu and particularlyShandong, as well as Wenzhou, they served as labour in the rear echelons or helped build munitions depots, repair railways and roads, and unloaded ships at Allied ports. Some worked in armaments factories, others in naval shipyards, for a pittance of three to five francs a day. At the time they were seen just as cheap labour, not even allowed out of camp to fraternise locally, dismissed as mere coolies. When the war ended some were used for mine clearance, or to recover the bodies of soldiers and fill in miles of trenches.[6]
After theArmistice, the Chinese, each identified only by an impersonal reference number, were shipped home. Only about 2,000 to 3,000 stayed on, forming the nucleus of the later Chinese community in Paris. Most who survived returned to China in 1918.[7] However, some were trapped in France by the 30 June 1920 collapse of theBanque industrielle de Chine. An estimated ten thousand died in the war effort, victims of either shelling, landmines, poor treatment or the worldwideSpanish flu epidemic of 1918. Their remains still lie in 30 French graveyards, the largest atNoyelles-sur-Mer on theSomme, where some of the fiercest battles occurred.[8] The cemetery contains 842 gravestones each engraved withChinese characters, guarded by two stone lions, gifts from China.[6][9]
After decades of neglect, the Chinese World War I labourers were ceremoniously recognized for their effort. An annual ceremony of tribute has taken place since 2002 at the cemetery at Noyelles-sur-Mer each April to coincide with the ChineseFestival of Qingming, attended by representatives of the French veterans' associations, the Chinese ambassador to France and members of Chinese associations in France. A 2004 documentary film, "Journey With no Return," (Voyage sans retour), was shown on French television.[10]
Of the 2,000 to 3,000 Chinese who remained in France after World War I, most became factory workers and settled around theÎle-de-France region, especially inBoulogne-Billancourt. The presence of the larger and more establishedVietnamese community in France had an effect in helping the Chinese settle down and jointly form the first significant Asian presence in France.[11] The first rooted Chinese community inParis was based first around theGare de Lyon in the east of the capital, then near theArts et Métiers metro station in the3rd arrondissement.[12]
Since 1919, the number of Chinese in France was slightly bolstered by an influx of students from bothFrench Indochina and China, (includingZhou Enlai,[13] who would later become thePremier of the People's Republic of China andDeng Xiaoping,[13] laterde facto leader of China), who would play a crucial leadership role in organising community institutions for the Chinese there.[14]
In the 1930s and 1940s, Chinese fromWenzhou settled in Paris (as well as in many other European cities such as Madrid, Frankfurt, Florence, and Milan). They worked asleatherworkers near theJewish neighborhood in the3rd arrondissement and setting up sundries and mini-markets. Taking over thewholesale trade lost by the Jews during theGerman occupation of France duringWorld War II, the Chinese community continues to exist today.[15]
After theFall of Saigon in 1975,ethnic Chinese from Vietnam were heavily persecuted by the new communist government and faced expulsion from the newly reunified country.[16] This led to a wave of emigration to France, as Vietnamese Chinese joined other ethnic Vietnamese refugees fromSouth Vietnam and largely resettled in Paris and the surroundingÎle-de-France region.Ethnic Chinese from Laos andCambodia, the other two former French Indochina colonies, also arrived in France after this period of conflict for similar reasons.
During the period, thehigh-rise neighbourhood in the southeast of Paris'13th arrondissement, where the city'sQuartier Asiatique (Asian Quarter) is located, saw significant population growth.[17] The area contains many Chinese inhabitants predominantly living in high-rise apartments, in addition to large Vietnamese and Laotian communities.[18] Similar to theethnic Vietnamese population, Chinese refugees from Vietnam who migrated to France and French-speaking regions of Canada on average had a higher level of affluence and are better integrated into the host nation than their peers who migrated to North America or Australia.[17]
Since the 1980s, immigration has increased steadily, with the main source countries beingmainland China, notably from Wenzhou, in addition to the countries of formerFrench Indochina. More recently, Chinese immigration to France has shifted to migrants from the northeast of the mainland. In Paris, settlement is spread across both urban and suburban districts, notably the 13th arrondissement, and the Templetowns ofLognes,Torcy,Noisy-le-Grand.Lyon andMarseille also have significant Chinese communities.
Immigration from China to France slowed considerably in the 2010s and the 2020s, with growth falling below that of all other immigrants. The number of Chinese nationals holding a first residence permit halved between 2013 and 2021, leading China to fall from 3rd to 8th place in the ranking of countries whose nationals are admitted for residence.[19]
The Chinese community in France can be categorized into three different groups based on migrant history andvarieties of Chinese spoken.[20]
Ethnic Chinese with origins from Wenzhou and the surrounding southernZhejiang province form the largest and most established Chinese community in France, with a population of about 350,000 as of 2010.[20] The earliest Chinese migrants to France arrived in the late 19th century and consisted of Wenzhounese merchants who producedChinese ceramics. During World War I, the vast majority of the 100,000 Chinese laborers recruited to work in France originated from the Wenzhou area, with a small number remaining in France after the conflict ended.[6] During the 1970s and 1980s, a large wave of Chinese from Wenzhou arrived in France, with a number brought over by family members already present in France.[20]
Following the end of theVietnam War in 1975, a large number of ethnic Chinese from the former French colonies in Southeast Asia (Vietnam,Laos, andCambodia) emigrated to France to escape the communist takeover of their countries and persecution by the new governments. The population of this community was about 150,000 as of 2010.[20] Their origins from former French colonies resulted in a strong background of French language and culture upon their arrival and their level of assimilation into French society has been largely quick and successful, being the most integrated Chinese community in France.[21] As in their former countries, ethnic Chinese from Indochina are heavily involved in commerce, especially among the generation of immigrants, and average income levels are above the national median.[22]
Teochew is the most frequently spoken Chinese variety among this community, withCantonese also prevalent and used as a common commercial and community language due to its status as a historicallingua franca among Chinese in Indochina.[23] Additionally, knowledge ofVietnamese is common among the generation of refugees, who largely originated from the former South Vietnam, whileLao andKhmer are conversant among the smaller number of refugees originating from Laos and Cambodia respectively.
Over the last decade, newer Chinese immigrants to France have largely originated fromNortheast China (Dongbei). Their population as of 2010 was about 15,000. Women largely outnumber men among this Chinese community and often leave China for France in hopes of establishing new lives, largely due to dissatisfaction with life in their homeland. Education levels among the Dongbei vary from secondary level to having degrees in higher education, a rate higher than Wenzhounese immigrants and a little under par with those of Chinese from Indochina.[20] The community has only recently started to become established, with some members opening establishments and becoming economically independent. Nevertheless, the overwhelming majority of ethnic Chinese prostitutes in France have origins in Dongbei, and the group is still looked down upon by their other ethnic Chinese peers in France.[20]Mandarin is the Chinese variety most commonly spoken among members of this community.
Despite being of the same ethnic group, the Chinese community in France is divided between the linguistic and migrant groups mentioned above. Community organizations serve their target migrant group specifically rather than the Chinese population as a whole. While the Dongbei community has recently participated with Wenzhou community groups and many members have settled in Wenzhou Chinese areas, Chinese from Indochina still rarely interact with their peer groups frommainland China.[20]
This division of the Chinese community in France is rooted in history, the level of assimilation among groups, and to a lesser extent, politics. While Chinese from Indochina arrived in France largely asVietnam War refugees, Wenzhounese and Dongbei migrants came for economic purposes, with some having an initial intent to return to China after a few years. Although the Wenzhounese form the oldest Chinese group in France, they are the least assimilated, largely staying within their communities and interacting with the French populace chiefly through business and among the younger generation, education.[24] Due to their origins from China, as well as language barriers, Dongbei migrants have favored associating with the Wenzhounese community rather than the Indochinese one.[25]
In contrast, the generation of immigrants among Chinese from former French Indochina integrated quickly, establishing itself into French society within a short period of time. Chinese from Indochina often share negative French views of mainland Chinese groups, being critical of their rather closed communities and poor French abilities among established immigrants. In fact, a vast majority of community members usually associate themselves with theVietnamese,Laotian orCambodian populations in France (depending on their country of origin) instead.[26]
Regarding politics, Chinese from Indochina are staunchlyanti-communist, reflecting the community's mostly refugee origins. While they are critical of the communist parties in their origin countries, criticism is sometimes targeted at theChinese Communist Party (CCP).[27] Meanwhile, although many Wenzhounese and Dongbei emigrated from China for political purposes, the groups mostly remain indifferent to the CCP. A handful of members of the latter two groups are supportive of the CCP, usually government-sponsored students or businesspeople.[25]
A larger political disagreement between the two groups regardsillegal immigration. The majority ofillegal Asian immigrants to France are from mainland China, specifically the Wenzhou region, with a smaller number from northern China. While Wenzhounese and Dongbei community groups favor granting residency to illegal Chinese immigrants already in France, Chinese from Indochina are strongly opposed to the idea and support the French government's deportation of illegal immigrants. Indochinese community leaders and French politicians have accused illegal mainland Chinese ofmoney laundering. Legal migrants have also been accused oftax evasion and supporting illegal Chinese migrants. A number of illegal Wenzhounese have fled France to neighboring countries such asItaly through the passport-freeSchengen Agreement.[28]
The generally poor integration level of immigrants and cases of illegal immigration among theWenzhounese andDongbei have led the Chinese community fromIndochina regarding the groups as "backward, country-folk", with refusal of cooperation with their community leaders.[20] For example, a string of robberies on Chinese businesses and assaults on individuals belonging to the former two groups and a consequent march against the crimes in theBelleville neighborhood of Paris drew feelings of indifference among the latter Chinese community.[29]
| East Asia |  | |
|---|---|---|
| South Asia | ||
| Southeast Asia | ||
| West Asia | ||
