紐西蘭華人 or 新西兰华人 | |
|---|---|
 Lion dancers at the AucklandLantern Festival | |
| Total population | |
| 279,039 (2023) 132,906 (born in mainland China) | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
| Auckland | 171,309 |
| Canterbury | 21,516 |
| Wellington | 21,192 |
| Waikato | 12,084 |
| Otago | 5,439 |
| Manawatū-Whanganui | 4,638 |
| Languages | |
| Religion | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Chinese New Zealanders | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Traditional Chinese | 紐西蘭華人 | ||||||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 纽西兰华人 | ||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||
| Alternative Chinese name | |||||||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 新西蘭華人 | ||||||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 新西兰华人 | ||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||
Chinese New Zealanders (Māori:Tāngata Hainamana o Aotearoa;simplified Chinese:新西兰华人;traditional Chinese:紐西蘭華人;pinyin:Niǔxīlán Huárén) orSino-New Zealanders areNew Zealanders ofChinese ancestry. The largest subset ofAsian New Zealanders, many of the Chinese immigrants came fromMainland China,Hong Kong,Taiwan, or other countries that have large populations ofChinese diaspora. Today's Chinese New Zealand group is also composed of diasporic communities fromIndonesia,Malaysia,Cambodia,Vietnam andSingapore.[2][3] As of 2018, Chinese New Zealanders account for 4.9% of the population of New Zealand, and are the largest Asian ethnic group in New Zealand, accounting for 36.3% of Asian New Zealanders.[4]
In the 1860sgold rush immigrants fromGuangdong arrived.[5] Due to this historical influx, there is still a distinct Chinese community inDunedin, whose former[update] mayorPeter Chin is of Chinese descent. However, most Chinese New Zealanders live in the North Island, and are of more recent migrant heritage.[6][failed verification] Chinese people historically faced severe discrimination in New Zealand, through means varying from thehead tax to racist violence.[7][8] In 2002, the New Zealand Government publicly apologised to China for the racism ethnic Chinese were dealt by New Zealand.[9]Chinese people,culture andcuisine have had a profound impact on modern New Zealand, and are today seen as an inextricable and defining part of the country's rich and diverse culture.Chinese New Year is widely celebrated throughout the country, and although no conventional Chinatowns exist anymore, strongholds of ethnic Chinese exist inAuckland,Wellington,Christchurch and Dunedin. Mandarin is New Zealand's fourth-most-spoken language, while various dialects ofChinese make up the second-most spoken group of languages in New Zealand.[10] Many famous and innovative New Zealanders are of Chinese ancestry, such asAugusta Xu-Holland,Bic Runga,Boh Runga,Brent Wong,Chris Tse,Manying Ip,Meng Foon,Michelle Ang,Renee Liang,Roseanne Liang, andRose Lu.
There were 247,760 people identifying as being part of the Chinese ethnic group at the2018 New Zealand census, making up 5.3% of New Zealand's population. This is an increase of 76,359 people (44.5%) since the2013 census, and an increase of 100,200 people (67.9%) since the2006 census.[11] Some of the increase between the 2013 and 2018 census was due toStatistics New Zealand adding ethnicity data from other sources (previous censuses, administrative data, and imputation) to the 2018 census data to reduce the number of non-responses.[12]
There were 116,220 males and 131,553 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.883 males per female. The median age was 33.1 years, 48,633 people (19.6%) aged under 15 years, 61,002 (24.6%) aged 15 to 29, 114,510 (46.2%) aged 30 to 64, and 23,625 (9.5%) aged 65 or older.[11][13]
In terms of population distribution, 69.1% of Chinese New Zealanders live in the Auckland region, 18.9% live in the North Island outside the Auckland region, and 11.9% live in the South Island. TheHowick local board area of Auckland has the highest concentration of Chinese people at 25.6%, followed by theUpper Harbour local board area (23.6%) and thePuketāpapa local board area (16.5%).Wellington City andHamilton City have the highest concentration of Chinese people outside of Auckland at 6.3% and 5.8% respectively. TheBuller District andCentral Hawke's Bay District had the lowest concentrations of Chinese people at 0.3%.[14]
The proportion of Chinese New Zealanders born overseas was 73.3%, compared with 27.1% for all ethnicities. Over half (58.3%) of those born in New Zealand were aged under 15.[11] The majority of Chinese New Zealanders were fromMainland China, Taiwan made up a third of all immigrants and ten percent came fromMalaysia. The remainder of Chinese immigrants to New Zealand came from Singapore, Hong Kong,Vietnam, andIndonesia.[3]
English is by far the most widely spoken language among the usually resident Asian population in New Zealand. Nonetheless, the next most common language after English in New Zealand wasYue orCantonese (16 percent of Asian people with a language) andNorthern Chinese/Mandarin (12 percent).[4] Other Chinese languages spoken in Aotearoa New Zealand include Hokkien,[15] Hakka,[16] and Teochew.[17] Some Chinese New Zealanders also adhere to speakingMalay andIndonesian due to a small influx of Chinese immigrants from Southeast Asia.[3]
The New Zealand Chinese Journals (1920–1972)[18]database contains over 16,000 digitised pages from three Chinese-language publications:
| Religion | % |
|---|---|
| Buddhist | 5.9% |
| Christian (not further defined) | 5.9% |
| Catholic | 3.6% |
| No religion | 70.3% |
| Object to answering | 4.7% |
Source: 2018 Census[19]
Appo Hocton (Chinese name: 王鶴庭)[citation needed] was the first recorded Chineseemigrant to New Zealand, arriving inNelson on 25 October 1842.[20] The first significant immigration to New Zealand took place on the strength of two invitations from New Zealand's Otago goldmining region to potential goldminers fromGuangdong in 1865. These original goldmining communities suffered discrimination due to racist ideology, the economic competition they represented to the Europeans, and because of the implied 'disloyalty' within their transient, sojourner outlook.[6] While many believe there was a 'White New Zealand' policy similar to Australia's, New Zealand never had such a policy openly sanctioned and was open to Pacific Island immigration from its early history.[21] However, in the 1880s, openly sinophobic political ideology, especially in the heavily Chinese city of Dunedin,[8] resulted in theNew Zealand head tax, also known as the 'Poll Tax', aimed specifically at Chinese migrants. Racist violence towards Chinese people in New Zealand followed, such as the tragic murder of Joe Kum Yung bywhite supremacist Lionel Terry. This attack occurred in Haining Street inTe Aro, Wellington, on 24 September 1905, in the centre of what was once was a largeChinatown.[7] Despite official barriers, the Chinese still managed to develop their communities in this period, and numbers were bolstered when some wives and children from Guangdong Province were allowed in as refugees just before World War II.
Significant archives of Chinese communities in Otago were created byPresbyterian reverendAlexander Don in the late 19th century, in his mostly unsuccessful attempts to convert Chinese goldmining communities to Christianity. These archives, which form a part of the Ng New Zealand Chinese Heritage Collection, became aUNESCO New ZealandMemory of the World Register in 2017.[22][23]
New Zealanders of Chinese descent also fought for New Zealand in World War II. DuringWorld War I,Cecil Alloo rose from the ranks to become the first commissioned officer of Chinese descent in New Zealand's armed forces.[24]Chain migration from Guangdong continued until the new Communist Chinese regime stopped emigration. This original group of Cantonese migrants and their descendants are referred to in New Zealand as 'Old Generation' Chinese, and are now a minority within the overall Chinese population.[6]
John Hall's government passed theChinese Immigration Act 1881. This imposed a £10 tax per Chinese person entering New Zealand, and permitted only one Chinese immigrant for every 10 tons of cargo.Richard Seddon's government increased the tax to £100 per head in 1896, and tightened the other restriction to only one Chinese immigrant for every 200 tons of cargo.
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Ethnic Chinese communities from countries other than China began establishing themselves in New Zealand between the 1960s and 1980s. These included ethnic Chinese refugees from Cambodia, Vietnam and Laos following the conflicts and upheavals in those countries; Commonwealth (i.e. English educated) professional migrants from Hong Kong, Singapore and Malaysia; and Samoan Chinese as part of the substantial Pacific labour migrations of the 1970s. There was also a growth in the relationship between mainland China and New Zealand during this period.[25] Relationships were fostered by Chinese New Zealanders such asNancy Kwok-Goddard.
Between 1987 and 1996, a fundamental change in New Zealand's immigration policy led to a substantial influx of ethnic Chinese business, investor, and professional migrants, particularly from Hong Kong and Taiwan. This period saw a spike in overall migration from the Asian region, including other Chinese people from East Asia and Southeast Asia. New Zealand's immigration system increasingly experienced the impact of global events, such as theTiananmen Square protests of 1989 and theMay 1998 riots of Indonesia in which many Chinese were affected.
Chinese New Zealanders by the turn of the 21st century had become a more established and integral part of New Zealand society, with new waves of immigrants arriving from the 1970s and 1980s onwards integrating into the existing legacy of Chinese who had been in the country since the mid-nineteenth century.[26] Chinese New Zealanders, alongside otherAsian New Zealanders, are now more embraced as a part of the country's cosmopolitan heritage and continue to shape the culture and economy of New Zealand; this has become most notable inAuckland, wherein New Zealanders of all backgrounds enjoy the material aspects of Asian popular and traditional culture as normalised parts of everyday life; with the likes ofBubble Tea,Anime, andK-Pop having become mainstream parts of youth and urban culture.[26]
Chinese in New Zealand today make up one of the country's wealthiest and most highly educated ethnic communities.[citation needed] They also make up a significant proportion of business owners and workers within the country's private economy, a privileged status which has at times added to historic prejudices played into by demagogic groups.[27]
An increasing number of Chinese New Zealanders since the early 2000s have taken on key positions in government and various political institutions, with the2020 General Election seeing New Zealand Parliament's share of Asian members rise to an all-time high.[citation needed]
Newer Chinese immigrant arrivals are generally well-educated professionals or businesspeople with internationally transferable skills. Many have chosen to come because they want to raise their children in a less competitive educational environment, or because they want a more leisurely lifestyle and new employment opportunities.[28]
In 2002, the New Zealand Government publicly apologised to Chinese New Zealanders for the poll tax that had been levied on their ancestors a century ago.[9]
In 2010,Mainland China for the first time became New Zealand's top source country for family immigration through the Family Sponsored Stream and the Partnership policy in New Zealand, as large numbers of Chinese nationals choose to study abroad in New Zealand and then gain the recognised qualifications to obtain skilled employment in New Zealand.[29]
In theNew Zealand's 2018 national census, Asian New Zealanders reached 15.5% of the country's total population an increase from 11.8% in 2013, with Chinese New Zealanders making up 36% of all peoples of Asian heritage.
During theworldwide spike in sinophobia during the COVID-19 pandemic, MPRaymond Huo was among many politicians who condemned the racial abuse suffered by the country's Chinese community. Anonline petition to prevent people from China from entering the country was signed by more than 18,000 people.[30] In Canterbury, an email was sent to a Chinese-origin student's parent, which reportedly said, "our Kiwi kids don't want to be in the same class with your disgusting virus spreaders."[31]
Mayor of AucklandPhil Goff said he was "sickened" by the reports of Asian-origin people being racially targeted at swimming pools, public transport and restaurants.[32] In February 2021, the Chinese consulate in Auckland was affected by a phonybomb threat made by individuals on an events websiteAucklife that they had hacked. Their motive was reportedly a punitive response against China for allegedly causing the pandemic.[33][34]
On 21 September, during the2023 New Zealand general election Trace Research published the results of a survey which found that 70.9% of ethnic Chinese voters supported the National Party, 13.4% supported ACT, 12.5% supported Labour, and 1.4% supported the Greens. Support for right-wing parties within the Chinese community rose in 2023 while support for Labour declined compared with the 2020 general election. Trace Research found that ethnic Chinese voters were most concerned with rising living costs, law and order, economic growth, racial equality and healthcare.[35]
Learning is revered inChinese culture, as in many cultures. It reinforces the child's overall cognitive development during their early childhood years. Thus a sense of family obligation acts as children's extrinsic motivation to perform well academically.[3][36]
A high value on education is placed among Chinese New Zealand families.[37] Chinese New Zealanders rank the fourth highest ethnic group among Asian New Zealanders with 22 percent holding a bachelor's degree. Among New Zealand-born Chinese, 23 percent had obtained a degree comparable to 23% for Asian New Zealanders but nearly twice the national average of 12%.[4]
Among the Asian populations, several groups had rates of labour force participation as high as, if not higher than, that of the average New Zealand population. The New Zealand-born Chinese population had high rates of participation, with 75 percent of Chinese New Zealanders participating in the workforce. Overseas-born New Zealand Chinese, who accounted for a third of the Asian population, had a labour force participation rate of 45 percent in 2001. Overseas-born Chinese people (86 percent) were slightly more likely to hold a qualification than Chinese people born in New Zealand (83 percent)[4] New Zealand-born and overseas-born Chinese (47 percent and 44 percent, respectively) are working in selected white collar professions compared to 40% for the total New Zealand population and 43% for Asian New Zealanders.[4] Chinese New Zealanders also register an unemployment rate lower than the national average, where overseas-born Chinese had an unemployment rate of 15% and New Zealand-born Chinese had an unemployment rate of 8%. Therefore, on average, the overall unemployment rate of 11.5% was lower than the total New Zealand population of 17%.[4]
At the 2013 census, the largest employment industries of Chinese New Zealanders were accommodation and food services (16.0%); retail trade (13.5%); professional, scientific and technical services (11.0%); manufacturing (8.8%); and health care and social assistance (7.4%).[38]
The Chinese in New Zealand today make up one of the country's wealthiest and most highly educated ethnic communities.[citation needed] They also make up a significant proportion of business owners and workers within the country's private economy, a privileged status which has at times added to historic prejudices played into by demagogic groups.[27]
An increasing number of Chinese New Zealanders since the early 2000s have taken on key positions in government and various political institutions, with the2020 General Election seeing New Zealand Parliament's share of Asian Members rise to an all-time high.[citation needed]
Newer Chinese immigrant arrivals are generally well-educated professionals or businesspeople with internationally transferable skills. Many have chosen to come because they want to raise their children in a less competitive educational environment, or because they want a more leisurely lifestyle and new employment opportunities.[28]
Chinese cuisine has heavily influencedNew Zealand cuisine in general, with the influence heavily seen inChinese restaurants andfish and chip shops, the latter of which are today overwhelmingly owned by New Zealanders of Chinese descent, having previously been owned largely byGreek and to a lesser extentCroatian immigrants.[39] Influence is also seen by the adoption of Chinese-influenced "street food", such as the blue cheese wontons that were developed in theCuba Precinct ofcentral Wellington.[40]
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