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Kuki-Chin languages

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Language family

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Kuki-Chin
Kuki-Chin-Mizo, Kukish
Geographic distribution	India,Myanmar,Bangladesh
Ethnicity	Zo Kuki Chin Mizo Zomi
Linguistic classification	Sino-Tibetan Tibeto-Burman Central Tibeto-Burman Kuki-Chin–Naga Kuki-Chin
Early form	Proto-Kuki-Chin^[1]
Subdivisions	Northwestern Northeastern Central Maraic Southern Khomic
Language codes
ISO 639-3	–
Glottolog	`kuki1246` (Kuki-Chin)

TheKuki-Chin languages (also calledKukish^[2] orSouth-Central Tibeto-Burman languages) are a branch of theSino-Tibetan language family spoken in northeasternIndia, westernMyanmar and southeasternBangladesh. Most notable Kuki-Chin-speakingethnic groups are referred to collectively as theZo people which includes: theMizo ofMizoram, theKuki ofManipur,Assam,Tripura andBangladesh and theChin ofChin State,Myanmar.

Kuki-Chin is alternatively calledSouth-Central Trans-Himalayan (orSouth Central Tibeto-Burman) by Konnerth (2018), because of negative connotations of the term "Kuki-Chin" for many speakers of languages in this group.^[3]

Kuki-Chin is sometimes placed underKuki-Chin–Naga, a geographical rather than linguistic grouping.

Geographical distribution

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Northwestern ("Old Kuki"):Chandel district of Manipur, India;Tamu Township of Sagaing Region, Myanmar.
Northeastern ("Kuki-Zo"):Chandel district,Churachandpur district,Kangpokpi district,Noney district,Tamenglong district, andTengnoupal districts of Manipur, India;Tedim Township of Chin State, Myanmar;Tamu Township of Sagaing Region, Myanmar.
Central: whole state ofMizoram, India;Pherzawl district of Manipur, India; parts ofCachar district and parts ofKarbi Anglong district of Assam, India; parts ofEast Jaintia Hills district of Meghalaya, India;Falam Township,Hakha Township, andThantlang Townships of Chin State, Myanmar;Kalay Township andKhampat area of Sagaing Region, Myanmar, parts ofChittagong Hill Tracts of Bangladesh.
Maraic: majority ofSiaha district ofMizoram, India; parts ofMatupi Township of Chin State, Myanmar.
Southern:Kanpetlet Township,Matupi Township,Mindat Township,Paletwa Townships of Chin State, Myanmar; parts of theArakan Range of Rakhine State, Myanmar; parts ofChittagong Hill Tracts of Bangladesh.
Khomic:Paletwa Township of Chin State, Myanmar; parts ofChittagong Hill Tracts of Bangladesh.

Internal classification

[edit]

TheKarbi languages may be closely related to Kuki-Chin, but Thurgood (2003) and van Driem (2011) leave Karbi unclassified within Sino-Tibetan.^[4]^[5]

The Kuki-Chin branches listed below are from VanBik (2009), with theNorthwestern branch added fromScott DeLancey, et al. (2015),^[6] and theKhomic branch (which has been split off from theSouthern branch) from Peterson (2017).^[7]

Kuki-Chin
- Central:Mizo (Duhlian),Bawm (Sunthla and Panghawi),Falam (Hallam,Ranglong,Darlong, Hauhulh, Simpi, Hualngo,Chorei),Thor (Tawr),Hmar,Hrangkhol,Biate (Biete),Hakha (Lai/Pawi, Mi-E, Zokhua),Pangkhua,Saihriem,Laizo/Tlaisun,Khualsim,Zanniat,Zahau,Sim
- Maraic:Mara (Tlosai {Siaha and Saikao}, Hawthai {Lyvaw, Sizo, and Lochei}, Hlaipao {Zyhno, Heima, and Lialai}),Zophei,Senthang,Zotung (Lungngo, Calthawn, Innmai),Lautu
- Northeastern (Northern): Suantak-Vaiphei,Zo (Zou),Paite,Tedim,Thado (Kuki),Gangte,Simte,Vaiphei,Sizang,Ralte,Ngawn
- Southern:Shö (Asho/Khyang, Chinbon),Thaiphum,Daai (Nitu),Mün,Yindu,Matu,Welaung (Rawngtu),Kaang,Laitu,Rungtu,Songlai,Sumtu
- Khomic:Khumi (Khumi proper and Khumi Awa),Mro,Rengmitca, etc.
- Northwestern ("Old Kuki"):Monsang,Moyon,Lamkang,Aimol,Anal,Tarao,Koireng (Kolhreng),Chiru,Kom,Chothe,Purum,^[7]Kharam,^[7]

Darlong andRanglong are unclassified Kuki-Chin language.

The recently discoveredSorbung language may be mixed language that could classify as either a Kuki-Chin orTangkhul language (Mortenson & Keogh 2011).^[8]

Anu-Hkongso speakers self-identify as ethnicChin people, although their language is closely related toMru rather than to Kuki-Chin languages. TheMruic languages constitute a separate Tibeto-Burman branch, and are not part of Kuki-Chin.^[7]

VanBik (2009)

[edit]

Kenneth VanBik's (2009:23) classified the Kuki-Chin languages based on sharedsound changes (phonological innovations) from Proto-Kuki-Chin as follows.

Kuki-Chin
- Central: *k(ʰ)r-, *p(ʰ)r- > *t(ʰ)r-; *k(ʰ)l-, *p(ʰ)l- > *t(ʰ)l-; *y- > *z-
  - Pangkhua?
  - Lamtuk Thet: Lamtuk, Ruavan
  - Lai
    - Hakha:Hakha,Thantlang, Zokhua
    - Falam:Bawm, Bualkhaw,Laizo, Lente,Khualsim, Khuangli, Sim, Tlaisun,Zanniat
  - Mizo
    - Mizo: Fanai, Hualngo, Lushai, Khiangte
    - Hmar: Khosak, Thiek, Lawitlang, Khawbung, Darngawn, Lungtau, Leiri
- Maraic: *kr- > *ts-; *-ʔ, *-r, *-l > -Ø; *-p, *-t, *-k > *-ʔ; *θ- > *s-
  - Mara
    - Tlosai
      - Saikao
      - Siaha
    - Hlaipao
      - Heima
      - Lialai
      - Vahapi/Zyhno
    - HawThai
      - Sizo
        Ngaphepi
        Sabyu
        Chapi
      - Lyvaw
        Lochei
        Tisih
        Phybyu
  - Lautu
    - Hnaro
    - Chawngthia
  - Zophei
    - Vytu
    - Sate/Awsa
  - Senthang
    - Khuapi
    - Surkhua
  - Zotung *h- > *f-; *kr- > *r-; *khl- > *kh-, *l-; *c(^h)- > *t(^h)-/*s-; *y- > *z-/*z(^h)-; *w- > *v-
    - Calthawng
    - Innmai
    - Lungngo/Tinpa
- Peripheral: *r- > *g-
  - Northern: *θ- > *ts-; *kl- > *tl-; *-r > *-k
    - Thado/Kuki,Tedim,Khuangsai,Paite Vuite,Chiru
    - Sizang,Guite,Vaiphei,Ralte,
  - Southern (Southern Plains): *-r > *-y
    - Khumi: Khomi, Wakung
    - Cho-Asho
      - Asho
      - Cho:Matu; Chinpon;Daai, Nghmoye, Ngmuun, Mkaang

Peterson (2017)

[edit]

David A. Peterson's (2017:206)^[7] internal classification of the Kuki-Chin languages is as follows.

Kuki-Chin
- Northwestern ("Old Kuki"):Purum, Koireng,Monsang, etc.
- Central
  - Core Central
  - Maraic
- Peripheral
  - Northeastern ("Northern")
  - Khomic:Khami/Khumi,Mro-Khimi, Lemi,Rengmitca, etc.
  - Southern
    - Cho
    - Daai
    - Hyow/Asho

Peterson'sNortheastern branch corresponds to VanBik'sNorthern branch, while Peterson'sNorthwestern corresponds to theOld Kuki branch of earlier classifications.

References

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^VanBik, Kenneth (2009).Proto-Kuki-Chin: a reconstructed ancestor of the Kuki-Chin languages(PDF). Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus Project, Dept. of Linguistics research unit in Univ. of California, Berkeley.ISBN 0-944613-47-0.
^Burling, Robbins (2003). "The Tibeto-Burman languages of Northeastern India". In Graham Thurgood; Randy J. LaPolla (eds.).The Sino-Tibetan Languages. pp. 169–191.
^Konnerth, Linda. 2018.The historical phonology of Monsang (Northwestern South-Central/"Kuki-Chin"): A case of reduction in phonological complexity.Himalayan Linguistics, Vol. 17(1): 19-49, note [2]: "...many language activists among the speakers of languages of the South-Central branch has made it clear to me that using the "Kuki-Chin" label is very insensitive."
^Thurgood, Graham (2003) "A subgrouping of the Sino-Tibetan languages: The interaction between language contact, change, and inheritance." In G. Thurgood and R. LaPolla, eds.,The Sino-Tibetan languages, pp. 13–14. London: Routledge,ISBN 978-0-7007-1129-1.
^van Driem, George L. (2011a),"Tibeto-Burman subgroups and historical grammar",Himalayan Linguistics Journal,10 (1):31–39, archived fromthe original on 12 January 2012.
^DeLancey, Scott; Krishna Boro; Linda Konnerth1; Amos Teo. 2015.Tibeto-Burman Languages of the Indo-Myanmar borderland. 31st South Asian Languages Analysis Roundtable, 14 May 2015.
^^a ^b ^c ^d ^ePeterson, David. 2017. "On Kuki-Chin subgrouping." In Picus Sizhi Ding and Jamin Pelkey, eds.Sociohistorical linguistics in Southeast Asia: New horizons for Tibeto-Burman studies in honor of David Bradley, 189-209. Leiden: Brill.
^David Mortenson and Jennifer Keogh. 2011. "Sorbung, an Undocumented Language of Manipur: its Phonology and Place in Tibeto-Burman", inJEALS 4, vol 1.

Bibliography

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George van Driem (2001)Languages of the Himalayas: An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region. Brill,ISBN 978-90-04-12062-4.
VanBik, Kenneth. 2009.Proto-Kuki-Chin: A Reconstructed Ancestor of the Kuki-Chin Languages. STEDT Monograph 8.ISBN 0-944613-47-0.

External links

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Sino-Tibetan branches

WesternHimalayas (Himachal,
Uttarakhand,Nepal,Sikkim)

West Himalayish
Tamangic
Newaric
- Newar
- Baram–Thangmi
Kiranti
Dhimalish
- Dhimal
- Toto
- Lhokpu
Lepcha

Greater Magaric	Magaric Magar Kham Chepangic Chepang Bhujel Raji–Raute Dura–Tandrange

EasternHimalayas
(Tibet,Bhutan,Arunachal)

Bodish
- Tibetic
- East Bodish
- Tshangla
- Basum
- Nam?
Gongduk
ʼOle
Tani
Chamdo

Myanmar and Indo-
Burmese border

"Naga"	Ao Angami–Pochuri Meitei Tangkhulic Zeme
Sal	Boro–Garo Konyak Jingpho–Luish

East andSoutheast Asia

Burmo-Qiangic	Qiangic Gyalrongic Ersuic Naic Lolo-Burmese Mondzish Burmish Loloish

Dubious (possible
isolates) (Arunachal)

Greater Siangic	Siangic Koro Milang Idu–Taraon

Proposed groupings

Proto-languages

Italics indicates single languages that are also considered to be separate branches.

Kuki-Chin–Naga languages

Kuki-Chin

Northwestern	Aimol Anal Chiru Chothe Kharam Koireng Kom Lamkang Monsang Moyon Purum Tarao Ranglong Sorbung
Northeastern	Thadou Tedim Paite Gangte Simte Sizang Vaiphei Zo Ngawn Ralte
Central	Mizo Hmar Biate Hrangkhol Sakachep Hakha Falam Bawm Thor Pangkhu Saihriem Darlong
Maraic	Mara Lautu Zyphe Senthang Zotung
Khomic	Khumi Mro-Khimi Rengmitca
Southern	Shö Thaiphum Daai Kʼchò Nga La Welaung Kaang Laitu Ekai Rungtu Songlai Sumtu

Naga

Ao (Central Naga)	Ao Chungli Ao Mongsen Ao Long Phuri Para Sangtam Yimchungrü Lotha Makury Wui
Angami–Pochuri	Angami Chokri Kheza Sopvoma Poula Pochuri Ntenyi Rengma Sümi
Tangkhulic	Tangkhul Somra Akyaung Ari Kachai Huishu Champhung Tusom Suansu Challow Kongai Koki Maring Uipo
Zemeic (Western Naga)	Zeme Liangmai Rongmei Mzieme Inpui Khoirao Maram

Meitei

Meitei

Karbic

Languages of Myanmar

Official languages

Semiofficial language

English

Indigenous languages
(bystate or region)

Chin

Kuki-Chin

Northeastern	Falam Siyin Tedim Thadou Zo
Central	Bawm Hakha Chin Mizo Ngawn Tawr
Maraic	Lautu Mara Senthang Zotung Zyphe
Southern	Daai Kaang Khumi Kʼchò Nga La Shö Songlai Sumtu Thaiphum Welaung

Other

Anu-Hkongso

Kachin

Sino-Tibetan	Achang Drung Hpon Jingpo Lashi Lhao Vo Lisu Nusu Rawang Zaiwa
Other	Khamti Nùng Palaung Tai Laing

Kayah

Kayin

Magway

Rungtu (Taungtha)

Mon

Rakhine

Sagaing

Sal	Khiamniungan Konyak Leinong Makyam Ponyo Sak Tangsa
Other	Akyaung Ari Anal Koki Makury Long Phuri Para Tangkhul

Shan

Austroasiatic	Blang Danau Palaung Riang Tai Loi Wa
Sino-Tibetan	Akeu Akha Danu Geko Karen Intha Lahta Lahu Pa’o Padaung Pyen Taungyo Southwestern Mandarin
Kra–Dai	Khün Tai Lue Shan Tai Nuea
Hmong–Mien	Hmong Njua

Tanintharyi

Non-Indigenous

Immigrant language	Burmese Hindi Punjabi Russian Vietnamese
Working language	English Japanese Korean

Sign languages

Burmese sign language

Languages ofNortheast India

Arunachal
Pradesh

Sal	Deori Nocte Singpho Tangsa Tutsa Wancho
Tani	Adi Apatani Bori Gallong Nishi Tangam Yano
Other	Assamese Hajong Karbi Milang Nefamese Puimei

Assam

Indo-Aryan

Sino-Tibetan

Kuki-Chin	Amri Karbi Bawm Biate Chiru Gangte Hmar Hrangkhol Karbi Paite Ranglong Saihriem Sakachep Vaiphei
Sal	Barman Bodo Deori Dimasa Garo Kachari Koch Kokborok Moran Nocte Rabha Singpho Tangsa Tiwa Turung Tutsa Wancho
Tani	Adi Bangni-Tagin Bokar Hill Miri Mising Na Nishi
Zeme	Inpui Khoirao Maram Rongmei Zeme
Other	Hajong Meitei

Kra-Dai

Manipur

Kuki-Chin

Northern	Anāl Biate Chiru Chothe Gangte Hrangkhol Kom Lamkang Moyon Paite Purum Ralte Simte Thadou Vaiphei Zou
Other	Hmar Mizo Monsang Sakachep Sorbung Tarao

Zeme

Other

Meghalaya

Kuki-Chin	Amri Karbi Biate Gangte Karbi Khelma Mizo Vaiphei
Khasic	Khasi Lyngngam Pnar War
Other	Atong Garo Hajong Koch

Mizoram

Nagaland

Sino-
Tibetan

Angami- Pochuri	Angami Chokri Kuzhami Moyon Ntenyi Pochuri Rengma Sümi Sopvoma
Ao	Ao Lotha Mongsen Ao Sangtam Wui Yimchungrü
Sal	Chang Dimasa Khiamniungan Konyak Nocte Phom Wancho
Zeme	Inpui Lamkang Mzieme Rongmei Zeme
Other	Chiru Chothe Khelma Makury Tangkhul