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| Chilean naval mutiny of 1931 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 The Chilean Air Force bombs the Chilean fleet at the port ofCoquimbo (probably a propagandaphotomontage) | |||||||
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| Government-Insurgents | |||||||
| Government of Chile | Chilean Navy rebels | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
| Manuel Trucco Edgardo Von Schroeders | Carlos Frödden | ||||||
| Political support | |||||||
| All political parties in Chilean Parliament | Communist Party of Chile | ||||||
| Military support | |||||||
| Chilean Army,Chilean Air Force,Carabineros de Chile, Part ofChilean Navy | Part ofChilean Navy | ||||||
TheChilean naval mutiny of 1931 (Spanish:Sublevación de la Escuadra) was a violent rebellion ofChilean Navy enlisted men against the government of Vice PresidentManuel Trucco.
In 1931 Chile was bankrupt. The situation had caused the downfall of PresidentCarlos Ibáñez del Campo on 26 July 1931. The collapse of exports and prices for Chilean products, the lack of liquidity and the high level ofexternal debt had led theLeague of Nations to name Chile as the country most affected worldwide by theGreat Depression.[1] There were already 130,000 unemployed and the situation had caused the closing of thesaltpeter mines in theAtacama, in turn causing a massive migration of workers to the urban centers.
As part of its attempts to deal with the Great Depression, the government of Vice PresidentManuel Trucco, who had taken over from PresidentJuan Esteban Montero on 20 August 1931, launched cuts to public spending. At the end of that month the Finance Minister,Pedro Blanquier, notified all public employees, including the members of the armed forces, of a reduction of 30% in their salaries. This reduction was on top of a previous 10% cut that had been inflicted on the armed forces the year before and the loss of all extra bonuses already accrued and owed to them. The military was already suffering from chronic low salaries and these reductions were further aggravated by the loss ofpurchasing power that the Chilean currency had experienced due toinflation and the general recession of the economy. The discontent was specially strong in theChilean Navy, where a strict class system was in place, separating the officers from the enlisted men.
On the night of 31 August-1 September 1931, while the fleet was in the port ofCoquimbo, the sailors of the ChileanbattleshipAlmirante Latorre mutinied, taking prisoner all the officers of the ship, who were kept confined in their cabins. The insurrection immediately spread to the rest of the fleet in Coquimbo, and all 14 units were soon in the hands of the sailors. The movement was under the leadership of Petty Officer Ernesto Gonzalez, who cabled the government demanding that they rescind the salary reduction and also notifying them that the movement was not a political one.
On 3 September the mutiny spread to the naval base ofTalcahuano, where the base personnel, students at the sailors' academy, the coastal artillery and workers of the navy shipyards took over the Southern fleet, bringing the number of ships in the hands of the insurrection to 26. The sailors put ashore officers and then took to sea to join the rest of the mutineers in Coquimbo. In the meantime, other military units started to join the movement, including the Arica and Maipo Army Regiments, stationed in the cities ofLa Serena andValparaíso, respectively.
At this point the demands of the mutineers were increased to include agrarian reform, industrial "solidarity" and the payment of external debt by the "millionaires". Vice President Trucco was extremely alarmed and sent Adm.Edgardo von Schroeders [es] to negotiate, while at the same time preparing theChilean Army and theChilean Air Force. At the beginning the negotiations moved quite smoothly, but they soon broke down when the mutineers started to suspect that the government was only interested in buying time while preparing to attack.
After the break in negotiations, the government issued an ultimatum for unconditional surrender. The mutineers answered by declaring a "social revolution" and announcing links with the Worker's Federation and theCommunist Party of Chile. Meanwhile the Minister of War, Gen.Carlos Vergara [es], had massed troops near each of the mutineers' strongholds.
On 5 September army troops under the command of Gen.Guillermo Novoa [es] attacked the naval base of Talcahuano. These forces were composed of four regiments and an artillery battalion. The attack started at 15:30 when the land artillery started to bombard the Chilean destroyerRiveros at the base. The ship was hit and severely damaged. Eventually she was forced to withdraw toQuiriquina Island to discharge her dead and wounded. After two days of battle, the army captured the naval base on 6 September. The number of dead sailors and soldiers was never revealed, but has been estimated to be significant.
Air CommodoreRamón Vergara,Commander-in-chief of the Chilean Air Force and the brother of the Chilean Minister of War, concentrated all his air power in the city ofOvalle, near the port of Coquimbo where the fleet was anchored. There the Air Force fielded twoJunkers R-42 heavy bombers, 14Curtiss Falcon andVickers Vixen light bombers, twoVickers-Wibault Type 121s and twoFord 5-AT-C transports, modified into light bombers. Their original mission had been to intercept the Southern Fleet to prevent it from joining the rest of the mutineers in Coquimbo. This was considered to be easy to do, since the Southern fleet did not have anyantiaircraft guns. However, the Air Force was not able to find the fleet at sea, and it could not prevent thetask force from arriving safely.
Since the effectiveness of the Air Force had been placed in question by its earlier failure, Air Commodore Vergara insisted on attacking the fleet. This raid took place on 6 September at 5:00 PM. The plan was to concentrate the bombing over the battleshipAlmirante Latorre, but the result was only one hit on thesubmarineQuidora. This resulted in one dead and one wounded. Five planes were hit by fire from the fleet, but they were able to return to theirair base, while one Curtiss Falcon was so seriously damaged that it went down over La Serena. Its two pilots survived with only minor injuries.
The combined actions of Talcahuano and Coquimbo seemingly disheartened the mutineers, who decided to end the mutiny. They took the fleet to Valparaíso and surrendered unconditionally to the authorities. The sailors werecourt-martialed and received sentences ranging from short imprisonment to death sentences.
Further purges in the navy followed. In the end, no sailors were executed, and the mutineers were all pardoned by their commanders one year later, along with the advent of theSocialist Republic of Chile.
Naval mutinies:
