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TheChildren of Llullaillaco[1] (Spanish:[(ɟ)ʝuʝajˈʝako]), also known as theMummies of Llullaillaco, are threeInca childmummies discovered in 1999 byJohan Reinhard and hisarchaeological team near the summit ofLlullaillaco, a 6,739 m (22,110 ft)stratovolcano[2] on theArgentina–Chile border. The children weresacrificed in an Inca religious ritual that took place around the year 1500. In this ritual, the three children were drugged withcoca andalcohol[3] then placed inside a small chamber 1.5 metres (5 ft) beneath the ground, where they were left to die.[4] Archaeologists consider them as being among the best-preserved mummies in the world.[5][6][7]
On 20 June 2001, Argentina's National Commission of Museums, Monuments and Historic Places declared the Children of Llullaillaco to be National Historic Property of Argentina.[1] Since 2007 the mummies have been on exhibition in theMuseum of High Altitude Archaeology in the Argentine city ofSalta.
TheInca Empire (Quechua:Tawantinsuyu, "The Four Regions"), was the largest known empire inpre-Columbian America.[8] The empire arose in the area around the city ofCusco, high in theAndes Mountains in modern-dayPeru, in the 13th century. The Inca civilization did not expand much geographically until the mid-15th century. However starting under the rule ofPachacuti in 1438 the Inca swept throughout South America along the Andes mountains, conquering local peoples along the way and consolidating a massive land empire within the span of less than a century. The Inca Empire reached its maximum geographical extent around 1530 and then began a rapid decline culminating in the fall of Cusco in 1533, along with the execution of the emperorAtahualpa[9] by conquering Spaniards.
Child sacrifice, referred to ascapacocha orqhapaq hucha, was an important part of theInca religion and was often used to commemorate important events, such as the death of aSapa Inca. Human sacrifice was also used as an offering to the gods in times of famine and as a way of asking for protection. Sacrifice could occur only with the direct approval of the Inca emperor.[10] Children were chosen from all over the sprawling Inca empire and were picked primarily based on their "physical perfection". Children chosen for sacrifice were generally "sons and daughters of nobles and local rulers".[10] They were then taken hundreds or thousands of miles to Cusco, the capital, where they were the subject of important purification rituals. From there the children were sent to high mountaintops throughout the empire to be sacrificed. According to traditional Inca belief, children who are sacrificed do not truly die but instead watch over the land from their mountaintop perches, alongside their ancestors.[11] The Inca considered it a great honour to die as a sacrifice.[12]
According to Spanish chroniclerPedro Cieza de León who visitedCusco in 1550, the chosen Virgins of the Sun god, whose task it was to weave and dye woollen cloth for the service of the temple near Cuzco and to preparechicha, could also be buried alive (sacrificed) if they had violated their celibacy by engaging in sexual intercourse with a male.[13][14] Spanish historian,Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa, wrote that by the time ofInca Yupanqui's reign, these women were being used as his concubines.[15]
Other well-preserved mummies, includingMummy Juanita, have been found on mountaintops in theAndes.[5]
Llullaillaco is astratovolcano 6,739 metres (22,110 ft) tall.[2] It sits in theAndes Mountains on the modern border separatingChile andArgentina. The burial site was covered by 1.5 metres (5ft) of earth and rock at the time of discovery.[5] The site where the mummies were found has been described as "the world's highest archaeological site".
Llullaillaco is in theAtacama Desert, the driest non-polar desert on Earth.[16] The extreme dryness of the air is a major reason for the excellent preservation of the mummies for 500 years.[17] Dryness and low temperatures are both known to significantly reduce the decomposition rate of human remains,[18] and the extreme environmental conditions at the summit of Llullaillaco are therefore very conducive to preservation.[19]
In 1999, Johan Reinhard and his team of researchers set out into the high Andes to search for Inca ritual sacrifice sites. Three days into their search, on 16 March, Reinhard's team discovered a grave site containing three mummified children: two girls and one boy. Several gold, shell and silver statues, textiles and pottery were also found. The younger girl's corpse had been struck bylightning after her death, causing burn damage on her body, especially her face and shoulder. The other two mummies were not affected. Statues made of precious metals and textiles were among the many goods found in the graves.[5][20]
Several times the expedition came close to failure. After a long acclimatization process, including a month spent exploring a lower-elevation mountain nearby, the team finally approached the summit of Llullaillaco after establishing a series of camps throughout the ascent. Throughout this expedition the researchers braved severe winds of more than 110 kilometres per hour (68 mph) and extreme temperatures, at one point dropping to −40 °C (−40 °F). At their final camp, at an elevation of 6,600 metres (21,700 ft), a storm broke and lasted for four days.[21] According to Reinhard the team "[was] about to give up" when they spotted an artificial layer in the site that indicated they should continue the investigation. The researchers followed the artificial layer, which eventually led them to the burial of one of the mummies.[5]
Three mummies were found at the Llullaillaco burial site:la doncella (the maiden),la niña del rayo (the lightning girl) andel niño (the boy). Once at the top of the mountain they had been allowed to fall asleep and then placed in a small tomb 1.5 metres (4.9 ft) underground, where they were left to die.[6][19] In addition they had been fed a high-protein diet before being sacrificed.[citation needed]
The mummies were in exceptional condition when found. Reinhard said that the mummies "appear to be the best preserved Inca mummies ever found", also saying that the arms were perfectly preserved, even down to the individual hairs. The internal organs were still intact and one of the hearts still contained frozen blood. Because the mummies froze before dehydration could occur, the desiccation and shrivelling of the organs that is typical of exposed human remains never took place.[5]
The oldest mummy, a girl found to be around the age of thirteen, was dubbedla doncella. She has become widely known as the "Maiden of Llullaillaco". A bacterial infection was discovered in her lungs during an examination. She wore a dress with her hair elaborately braided, along with a feather-adorned headdress.[22] She died in her sleep.[20][23][24]
It is believed thatLa Doncella was anaclla, or Sun Virgin – she was a virgin, chosen and sanctified at around the age of ten years, to live with other girls and women who would become royal wives, priestesses and sacrifices. The practice ofritual sacrifice in Inca society was intended to ensure health, rich harvests and favourable weather.[25]
La niña del rayo was approximately six years old when she was sacrificed.[23] Her face, one of her ears and part of her shoulder were damaged by a lightning strike that occurred after her death.[5] Her head was lifted high and she was facing south-west. She was wearing atraditional light brownacsu dress and her head, along with part of her body, was wrapped in a thick woolen blanket. In addition, her entire body was wrapped in another blanket, this one embroidered in red and yellow. Her skull appears to have beenintentionally elongated.[26]
La niña del rayo appears to have been treated less roughly thanel niño but without the care with whichla doncella was treated.[4]
The body ofel niño, who was between four and five years old when he was sacrificed.[4] He was the only child to be tied up. Lying in the fetal position, he was wearing a gray tunic, a silver bracelet and leather shoes and had been wrapped in a red and brown blanket.[27] The skull ofel niño had been slightlyelongated, similarly to that ofla niña del rayo.[26]
El niño was buried with a collection of small objects, some of them depicting finely dressed men driving caravans of llamas. A woolen sling was wrapped around his head; slings were used by men in a ritual activity to launch stones into the lagoons at the end of the dry season to hasten the coming of the rains.[26]
According to a biochemical analysis ofla doncella's hair, the children had been drugged with alcohol andcoca before the start of the sacrificial ritual.La Doncella had been drugged bycoca leaves and amaize beer known aschicha. Though all three of the sacrifices had consumed significant amounts of these substances prior to the ritual, ahair sample analysis showed thatla doncella had consumed significantly more coca and alcohol than eitherel niño orla niña del rayo.[4] Her hair contained the highest concentration of coca ever found in Andean human remains.[28]
The mummies remain on display at theMuseum of High Altitude Archaeology, a museum dedicated entirely to the display of the mummies, inSalta, Argentina. The area that now contains the city of Salta was a part of the Inca Empire in the late 1400s and early 1500s, before being conquered by Spanishconquistadores in the late 1500s. To prevent deterioration, a computer-controlled climate system maintains environmental conditions similar to those on Llullaillaco. If anearthquake or other emergency were to result in the loss of power, the aeroplane of theprovincial governor would be used to fly the mummies to another location where they would be able to be "plugged back in". The museum opened its doors to the general public in early September 2007.[11]
Prior to the construction of the museum display, the mummies had been safeguarded by theCatholic University of Salta [es].[27] Developing a way to show the mummies to the public while keeping them perfectly preserved took eight years of research.[11]
The mummies have been the subject of controversy, especially with regards toindigenous rights. The exhumation and display of the bodies is opposed by some indigenous people.[21]
Rogelio Guanuco, the leader of theIndigenous Association of Argentina (AIRA), called the display "a violation of our loved ones", saying that "Llullaillaco continues to be sacred for us. They should never have profaned that sanctuary, and they should not put our children on exhibition as if in a circus."[29] Fermín Tolaba, chief of theLules, said that the mummies "should have stayed in their territory", and that "now that [the mummies] are already exhumed, [the museum] would have to return them. It is not good that the museum is earning money with that, charging an admission for something that doesn't belong to it."[27]
The high Andes region from which the mummies were taken is believed to be home to at least 40 other similar ritual burial sites. However, in order to "have good relations with the Indian people", no more mummies will be removed from the area, according to Gabriel Miremont, the designer and director of the Museum of High Altitude Archaeology, which hosts the exhibit displaying the mummies.[11]
Other indigenous people supported theresearch, however. TheThird World Congress of the Quechua Language in late 2004 brought together 300 representatives from Andean countries, at its conclusion the congress passed a resolution "The congress approves supporting investigations of the Llullaillaco Children (Salta, Argentina) and the diffusion of such investigations for recognizing the greatness and the evolution of our ancestors from their origins to the present day."[30]
Some indigenous leaders have also expressed concern that indigenous peoples will not receive possible economic benefits created by the display of the mummies.[31]
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