Chengde 承德市 Chengte, Jehol | |
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 .jpg)    Clockwise from top:Jinshanling,Mountain Resort, Skyline of Chengde,Putuo Zongcheng Temple, Sledgehammer Peak | |
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.png) Location of Chengde City jurisdiction in Hebei | |
  Chengde Location of the city centre in Hebei Show map of Hebei Chengde Chengde (Northern China) Show map of Northern China Chengde Chengde (China) Show map of China | |
| Coordinates (Chengde municipal government):40°57′11″N117°57′47″E / 40.953°N 117.963°E /40.953; 117.963 | |
| Country | People's Republic of China |
| Province | Hebei |
| Settled | 1681 |
| Established | November 15, 1983 |
| Municipal seat | Shuangqiao District |
| Area | |
| 39,519 km2 (15,258 sq mi) | |
| • Urban | 724.03 km2 (279.55 sq mi) |
| • Districts[1] | 1,252.7 km2 (483.7 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 327 m (1,073 ft) |
| Population (2020) | |
| 3,473,200 | |
| • Density | 91/km2 (240/sq mi) |
| • Urban | 920,395 |
| • Urban density | 1,271.2/km2 (3,292.4/sq mi) |
| • Districts[1] | 642,000 |
| GDP[2] | |
| • Prefecture-level city | CN¥ 135.9 billion US$ 21.8 billion |
| • Per capita | CN¥ 38,506 US$6,182 |
| Area code | 314 |
| ISO 3166 code | CN-HE-08 |
| License Plate Prefix | 冀H |
| Website | http://www.chengde.gov.cn |
City tree Pagoda Tree City flower Rugosa Rose | |
| Chengde | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chinese name | |||||||||
| Chinese | 承德 | ||||||||
| Postal | Chengte | ||||||||
| Literal meaning | Upholding Virtue Receiving Virtue | ||||||||
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| Rehe | |||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 熱河(兒) | ||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 热河(儿) | ||||||||
| Postal | Jehol | ||||||||
| Literal meaning | Hot River | ||||||||
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| Mongolian name | |||||||||
| Mongolian Cyrillic | Халуун гол | ||||||||
| Mongolian script | ᠬᠠᠯᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠭᠣᠣᠯ | ||||||||
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| Manchu name | |||||||||
| Manchu script | ᠊ᡵᡩᡝᠮᡠ ᠪᡝ ᠠᠯᡳᡥᠠ | ||||||||
| Abkai | Erdemu Be Aliha | ||||||||
Chengde, formerly known asJehol andRehe, is aprefecture-level city inHebei province, situated about 225 kilometres (140 mi) northeast ofBeijing. It is best known as the site of theMountain Resort, a vast imperial garden and palace formerly used by the Qing emperors as summer residence.[3] Its local dialect is also known for being the closest toStandard Chinese, which took several inspirations from the Chengde dialect.[4] The permanent resident population is approximately 3,473,200 in 2017.
In 1703, Chengde was made the summer residence of the Qing regime. Constructed throughout the eighteenth century, theMountain Resort was used by the later rulers. The site is currently anUNESCOWorld Heritage Site. Since the seat of government followed the rulers, Chengde was a political center of the Chinese empire during these times.
The city of Jehol—an early romanization of Rehe via the French transcription of the northern suffixér aseul[5]—reached its height under the in the late 1700s. The greatPutuo Zongcheng Temple, loosely based on thePotala in Lhasa, was completed after just four years of work in 1771. It was heavily decorated with gold and the emperor worshipped in the Golden Pavilion. In the temple itself was a bronze-gilt statue ofTsongkhapa, the Reformer of theGelugpa sect.
Under the early Beiyang Republic of China, Chengde was the capital ofRehe Province. From 1933 to 1945 the city was under Japanese occupation as a part of the Manchurian puppet state. After the Sino-American defeat of the Japanese, the victorious Kuomintang government regained jurisdiction. In 1948, thePeople's Liberation Army took control of Chengde. It would remain a part of Rehe until 1955, when the province was abolished, and the city was incorporated intoHebei.
Chengde is located in the northeastern portion of Hebei, with latitude 40° 12'－42° 37' N, and longitude 115° 54'－119° 15' E, and contains the northernmost point in the province. It bordersInner Mongolia,Liaoning,Beijing, andTianjin. Neighbouring prefecture-level provincial cities areQinhuangdao andTangshan on theBohai Gulf, and land-lockedZhangjiakou. Due to its Liaoning border, it is often considered a part of both theNorth andNortheast China regions. From north to south the prefecture stretches 269 kilometres (167 mi), and from west to east 280 kilometres (174 mi), for a total area of 39,702.4 square kilometres (15,329.2 sq mi), thus occupying 21.2% of the total provincial area. It is by area the largest prefecture in the province, though as most of its terrain is mountainous, its population density is low.
The Jehol or Rehe ("Hot River"), which gave Chengde its former name, was so named because it did not freeze in winter. Most sections of the river's former course are now dry because of moderndams.
Chengde has a four-season,monsoon-influencedhumid continental climate (KöppenDwa), with widely varying conditions through the prefecture due to its size: winters are moderately long, cold and windy, but dry, and summers are hot and humid. Near the city, however, temperatures are much cooler than they are in Beijing, due to the higher elevation: the monthly 24-hour average temperature ranges from −9.3 °C (15.3 °F) in January to 24.2 °C (75.6 °F) in July, and the annual mean is 8.93 °C (48.1 °F). Spring warming is rapid, but dust storms can blow in from theMongolian steppe; autumn cooling is similarly quick. Precipitation averages at about 504 millimetres (19.8 in) for the year, with more than two-thirds of it falling during the three summer months. With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 50% in July to 69% in October, the city receives 2,746 hours of sunshine annually.
| Climate data for Chengde, elevation 422 m (1,385 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 8.8 (47.8) | 20.7 (69.3) | 28.4 (83.1) | 34.3 (93.7) | 39.3 (102.7) | 41.3 (106.3) | 43.3 (109.9) | 38.9 (102.0) | 35.4 (95.7) | 32.8 (91.0) | 22.3 (72.1) | 12.3 (54.1) | 43.3 (109.9) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −1.4 (29.5) | 3.4 (38.1) | 11.1 (52.0) | 19.6 (67.3) | 26.0 (78.8) | 29.4 (84.9) | 30.7 (87.3) | 29.5 (85.1) | 24.9 (76.8) | 17.3 (63.1) | 7.2 (45.0) | −0.5 (31.1) | 16.4 (61.6) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −8.8 (16.2) | −4.4 (24.1) | 3.3 (37.9) | 11.8 (53.2) | 18.2 (64.8) | 22.1 (71.8) | 24.3 (75.7) | 22.9 (73.2) | 17.1 (62.8) | 9.3 (48.7) | 0.0 (32.0) | −7.5 (18.5) | 9.0 (48.2) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −14.4 (6.1) | −10.6 (12.9) | −3.5 (25.7) | 4.3 (39.7) | 10.7 (51.3) | 15.9 (60.6) | 19.3 (66.7) | 17.7 (63.9) | 11.1 (52.0) | 3.1 (37.6) | −5.4 (22.3) | −12.6 (9.3) | 3.0 (37.3) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −27.2 (−17.0) | −23.7 (−10.7) | −20.0 (−4.0) | −8.7 (16.3) | −0.2 (31.6) | 7.2 (45.0) | 12.5 (54.5) | 6.4 (43.5) | −0.1 (31.8) | −10.6 (12.9) | −18.8 (−1.8) | −24.7 (−12.5) | −27.2 (−17.0) |
| Averageprecipitation mm (inches) | 1.5 (0.06) | 3.9 (0.15) | 7.9 (0.31) | 22.7 (0.89) | 49.5 (1.95) | 95.7 (3.77) | 141.1 (5.56) | 101.5 (4.00) | 49.4 (1.94) | 30.9 (1.22) | 10.4 (0.41) | 2.0 (0.08) | 516.5 (20.34) |
| Average precipitation days(≥ 0.1 mm) | 1.4 | 1.9 | 3.1 | 4.8 | 7.5 | 12.0 | 13.3 | 10.7 | 7.7 | 5.1 | 3.1 | 1.6 | 72.2 |
| Average snowy days | 2.7 | 2.7 | 2.7 | 0.8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.4 | 2.6 | 2.5 | 14.4 |
| Averagerelative humidity (%) | 52 | 46 | 41 | 40 | 47 | 62 | 73 | 74 | 70 | 61 | 58 | 55 | 57 |
| Mean monthlysunshine hours | 196.2 | 198.6 | 234.9 | 243.2 | 265.2 | 221.3 | 197.0 | 212.3 | 217.2 | 215.2 | 182.1 | 182.0 | 2,565.2 |
| Percentagepossible sunshine | 66 | 66 | 63 | 61 | 59 | 49 | 43 | 50 | 59 | 63 | 62 | 64 | 59 |
| Source:China Meteorological Administration[6][7][8] all-time extreme temperature[9][10] | |||||||||||||
Chengde comprises:
| Map | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Name | Hanzi | Hanyu Pinyin | Population (2004 est.) | Area (km2) | Density (/km2) | |
| Shuangqiao District | 双桥区 | Shuāngqiáo Qū | 290,000 | 311 | 932 | |
| Shuangluan District | 双滦区 | Shuāngluán Qū | 100,000 | 250 | 400 | |
| Yingshouyingzi Mining District | 鹰手营子 矿区 | Yīngshǒuyíngzi Kuàngqū | 70,000 | 148 | 473 | |
| Pingquan City | 平泉市 | Píngquán Shì | 470,000 | 3,297 | 143 | |
| Chengde County | 承德县 | Chéngdé Xiàn | 470,000 | 3,990 | 118 | |
| Xinglong County | 兴隆县 | Xīnglóng Xiàn | 320,000 | 3,116 | 103 | |
| Luanping County | 滦平县 | Luánpíng Xiàn | 320,000 | 3,195 | 100 | |
| Longhua County | 隆化县 | Lónghuà Xiàn | 420,000 | 5,474 | 77 | |
| Fengning Manchu Autonomous County | 丰宁满族 自治县 | Fēngníng Mǎnzú Zìzhìxiàn | 380,000 | 8,747 | 43 | |
| Kuancheng Manchu Autonomous County | 宽城满族 自治县 | Kuānchéng Mǎnzú Zìzhìxiàn | 230,000 | 1,933 | 119 | |
| Weichang Manchu and Mongol Autonomous County | 围场满族 蒙古族自治县 | Wéichǎng Mǎnzú Měnggǔzú Zìzhìxiàn | 520,000 | 9,058 | 57 | |
The first everbandy match in China was organised in Chengde in January 2015 and was played between the Russian and Swedish top clubsBaykal-Energiya andSandviken.[11] Chengde city was one of the initiators when theChina Bandy Federation was founded in December 2014.[12] The city hosted the2018 Women's Bandy World Championship.[13][14][15] While the record number of participants in previousWomen's Bandy World Championships was 7, the organisers had thought out measures with the goal to attract 12 participating countries.[16] However, in the end 8 teams participated.
Chengde is the seat of theCatholicDiocese of Chengde.
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With road andrailroad links toBeijing, Chengde has developed into a distribution hub, and its economy is growing rapidly. The newly builtJingcheng Expressway connects Chengde directly to central Beijing, and more freeways are planned for the city. The city's newairport was opened on 31 May 2017.[17] It is located 19.5 kilometres (12.1 mi) northeast of the city center in Tougou Town,Chengde County.
TheBeijing–Harbin high-speed railway, completed in January 2021, has 5 stations within Chengde.
The project of building Chengde Mountain Resort started in 1703 and finished in 1790. The whole mountain resort covers an area 5,640,000 square meters. It is the largest royal garden in China. The wall of the mountain resort is over 10,000 meters in length. In summers, emperors of the Qing dynasty came to the mountain resort to relax themselves and escape from the high temperature in Beijing.
The whole Resort can be divided into three areas which are lakes area, plains area and hills area. The lakes area, which includes 8 lakes, covers an area of 496,000 square meters. The plains area covers an area of 607,000 square meters. The emperors held horse races and hunted in the area. The largest area of the three is the hills area. It covers an area of 4,435,000 square meters. Hundreds of palaces and temples were built on the hills in this area.
The elaborateMountain Resort features large parks with lakes,pagodas, and palaces ringed by a wall. Outside the wall are the Eight Outer Temples (外八庙), built in varying architectural styles drawn from throughout China. One of the best-known of these is thePutuo Zongcheng Temple, built to resemble thePotala Palace inLhasa,Tibet. The resort and outlying temples were made aUNESCOWorld Heritage Site in 1994. The nearbyPuning Temple, built in 1755, houses the world's tallest wooden statue of theBodhisattvaAvalokiteśvara.
Another popular attraction of the Chengde area is Sledgehammer Peak (磬锤峰), a large rock formation in the shape of an invertedsledgehammer. A variety of other mountains, valleys, and grasslands lie within the borders of the city.
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Chengde hascity partnerships with the following locations:
Santo André, São Paulo, Brazil
Takasaki, Gunma, Japan
Dakota County, Minnesota, United StatesKashiwa, Chiba, Japan[18]
| International | |
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| National | |
| Geographic | |
| Other | |
