Chemical engineering is anengineering field which deals with the study of the operation and design ofchemical plants as well as methods of improving production. Chemical engineers develop economical commercial processes to convert raw materials into useful products. Chemical engineering uses principles ofchemistry,physics,mathematics,biology, andeconomics to efficiently use, produce, design, transport and transform energy and materials. The work of chemical engineers can range from the utilization ofnanotechnology andnanomaterials in the laboratory to large-scale industrial processes that convert chemicals, raw materials, living cells, microorganisms, and energy into useful forms and products. Chemical engineers are involved in many aspects of plant design and operation, including safety and hazard assessments,process design and analysis,modeling,control engineering,chemical reaction engineering,nuclear engineering,biological engineering, construction specification, and operating instructions.
Chemical engineers typically hold a degree in Chemical Engineering orProcess Engineering. Practicing engineers may have professional certification and be accredited members of a professional body. Such bodies include theInstitution of Chemical Engineers (IChemE) or theAmerican Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE). A degree in chemical engineering is directly linked with all of the other engineering disciplines, to various extents.
A 1996 article cites James F. Donnelly for mentioning an 1839 reference to chemical engineering in relation to the production ofsulfuric acid.[1] In the same paper, however,George E. Davis, an English consultant, was credited with having coined the term.[2] Davis also tried to found a Society of Chemical Engineering, but instead, it was named theSociety of Chemical Industry (1881), with Davis as its first secretary.[3][4] TheHistory of Science in United States: An Encyclopedia puts the use of the term around 1890.[5] "Chemical engineering", describing the use of mechanical equipment in the chemical industry, became common vocabulary in England after 1850.[6] By 1910, the profession, "chemical engineer," was already in common use in Britain and the United States.[7]
Demonstration model of a direct-methanolfuel cell. The actual fuel cell stack is the layered cube shape in the center of the image.Technician with equipment at the Continental Carbon Company.
In the 1940s, it became clear that unit operations alone were insufficient in developingchemical reactors. While the predominance of unit operations in chemical engineering courses in Britain and the United States continued until the 1960s,transport phenomena started to receive greater focus.[8] Along with other novel concepts, such asprocess systems engineering (PSE), a "second paradigm" was defined.[9][10] Transport phenomena gave ananalytical approach to chemical engineering[11] while PSE focused on its synthetic elements, such as those of acontrol system andprocess design.[12] Developments in chemical engineering before and after World War II were mainly incited by thepetrochemical industry;[13] however, advances in other fields were made as well. Advancements inbiochemical engineering in the 1940s, for example, found application in thepharmaceutical industry, and allowed for themass production of variousantibiotics, includingpenicillin andstreptomycin.[14] Meanwhile, progress inpolymer science in the 1950s paved way for the "age of plastics".[15]
Concerns regarding large-scale chemical manufacturing facilities' safety and environmental impact were also raised during this period.Silent Spring, published in 1962, alerted its readers to the harmful effects ofDDT, a potentinsecticide.[16] The 1974Flixborough disaster in the United Kingdom resulted in 28 deaths, as well as damage to achemical plant and three nearby villages.[17] 1984Bhopal disaster in India resulted in at least 4,000 deaths.[18] These incidents, along withother incidents, affected the reputation of the trade asindustrial safety andenvironmental protection were given more focus.[19] In response, the IChemE required safety to be part of every degree course that it accredited after 1982. By the 1970s, legislation and monitoring agencies were instituted in various countries, such as France, Germany, and the United States.[20] In time, the systematic application of safety principles to chemical and otherprocess plants began to be considered a specific discipline, known asprocess safety.[21]
Advancements incomputer science found applications for designing and managing plants, simplifying calculations and drawings that previously had to be done manually. Programs such asAspen HYSYS were developed to complete multiple chemical engineering calculations. The completion of theHuman Genome Project is also seen as a major development, not only advancing chemical engineering butgenetic engineering andgenomics as well.[22] Chemical engineering principles were used to produceDNA sequences in large quantities.[23]
Chemical engineering design concerns the creation of plans, specifications, and economic analyses forpilot plants, new plants, or plant modifications. Design engineers often work in a consulting role, designing plants to meet clients' needs. Design is limited by several factors, including funding, government regulations, and safety standards. These constraints dictate a plant's choice of process,materials, and equipment.[24]
Plant construction is coordinated byproject engineers and project managers,[25] depending on the size of the investment. A chemical engineer may do the job of project engineer full-time or part of the time, which requires additional training and job skills or act as a consultant to the project group. In the USA the education of chemical engineering graduates from the Baccalaureate programs accredited byABET do not usually stress project engineering education, which can be obtained by specialized training, as electives, or fromgraduate programs. Project engineering jobs are some of the largest employers for chemical engineers.[26]
A unit operation is a physical step in an individual chemical engineering process. Unit operations (such ascrystallization,filtration,drying andevaporation) are used to prepare reactants, purifying and separating its products, recycling unspent reactants, and controlling energy transfer in reactors.[27] On the other hand, a unit process is the chemical equivalent of a unit operation. Along with unit operations, unit processes constitute a process operation. Unit processes (such asnitration, hydrogenation, andoxidation) involve the conversion of materials bybiochemical,thermochemical and other means. Chemical engineers responsible for these are calledprocess engineers.[28]
Process design requires the definition of equipment types and sizes as well as how they are connected and the materials of construction. Details are often printed on aProcess Flow Diagram which is used to control the capacity and reliability of a new or existing chemical factory.[29]
Education for chemical engineers in the first college degree 3 or 4 years of study stresses the principles and practices of process design. The same skills are used in existing chemical plants to evaluate theefficiency and make recommendations for improvements.[30]
Chemical engineers use computers to control automated systems in plants[32]
Chemical engineers develop economic ways of using materials and energy.[33] Chemical engineers usechemistry and engineering to turn raw materials into usable products, such as medicine, petrochemicals, and plastics on a large-scale, industrial setting. They are also involved inwaste management and research.[34][35] Both applied and research facets could make extensive use of computers.[32]
Chemical engineers may be involved in industry or university research where they are tasked with designing and performing experiments, by scaling up theoretical chemical reactions, to create better and safer methods for production, pollution control, and resource conservation. They may be involved in designing and constructing plants as aproject engineer. Chemical engineers serving as project engineers use their knowledge in selecting optimal production methods and plant equipment to minimize costs and maximize safety and profitability. After plant construction, chemical engineering project managers may be involved in equipment upgrades, troubleshooting, and daily operations in either full-time or consulting roles.[36]
^Herbst, Andrew; Hans Verwijs (Oct. 19-22). "Project Engineering: Interdisciplinary Coordination and Overall Engineering Quality Control". Proc. of the Annual IAC conference of the American Society for Engineering Management 1 (ISBN9781618393616): 15–21
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