Charles David Keeling | |
|---|---|
 Keeling receives the Medal of Science in 2001. | |
| Born | (1928-04-20)April 20, 1928 Scranton, Pennsylvania, U.S. |
| Died | June 20, 2005(2005-06-20) (aged 77) Hamilton, Montana, U.S. |
| Alma mater | University of Illinois Northwestern University |
| Known for | Keeling Curve |
| Awards | Second Half Century Award,American Meteorological Society (1981) Maurice Ewing Medal (1991) Blue Planet Prize (1993) National Medal of Science (2002) Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement (2005) |
| Scientific career | |
| Fields | Atmosphere |
| Institutions | Scripps Institution of Oceanography |
| Doctoral advisor | Malcolm Dole |
Charles David Keeling (April 20, 1928 – June 20, 2005)[1][2] was an American scientist whose recording ofcarbon dioxide at theMauna Loa Observatory[3] confirmedSvante Arrhenius's proposition (1896) of the possibility ofanthropogenic contribution to thegreenhouse effect andglobal warming, by documenting the steadily rising carbon dioxide levels. TheKeeling Curve measures the progressive buildup of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, in the atmosphere.
Keeling was born inScranton, Pennsylvania, to Ralph Keeling and Grace L Keeling (née Sherberne). His father, an investment banker, excited interests ofastronomy in a 5-year-old Charles, while his mother instilled a lifelong love of music. He graduated with a degree inchemistry from theUniversity of Illinois in 1948. Charles Keeling earned a PhD inchemistry fromNorthwestern University in 1953 underMalcolm Dole, a polymer chemist. Most of Dole's graduates were going straight into the oil industry; Keeling "had trouble seeing the future this way" and had become interested ingeology, for which he had acquired most of the undergraduate coursework during his PhD. Keeling had applied for postdoctoral positions as a chemist almost exclusively to geology departments "west of the continental divide." He received an offer fromHarrison Brown who had recently started ageochemistry department atCalifornia Institute of Technology. He was a postdoctoral fellow ingeochemistry there until he joined theScripps Institution of Oceanography in 1956, and was appointed professor ofoceanography there in 1968.[4]
AtCaltech he developed the first instrument able to measure carbon dioxide in atmospheric samples with consistently reliable accuracy.[5] Keeling camped atBig Sur where he used his new device to measure the level of carbon dioxide and found that it had risen since the 19th century.
Keeling worked at the Scripps Institution for 43 years during which time he published many influential papers.[6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]Roger Revelle, the director of theScripps Institution of Oceanography, based atLa Jolla, California, persuaded Keeling to continue his work there. Revelle was also one of the founders of theInternational Geophysical Year (IGY) in 1957–58 and Keeling received IGY funding to establish a base onMauna Loa in Hawaii, two miles (3,000 m) above sea level.
Keeling started collecting carbon dioxide samples at the base in 1958.[3] By 1960, he had established that there are strong seasonal variations in carbon dioxide levels with peak levels reached in the late northern hemisphere winter. A reduction in carbon dioxide followed during spring and early summer each year as plant growth increased in the land-rich northern hemisphere. In 1961, Keeling produced data showing that carbon dioxide levels were rising steadily in what later became known as the "Keeling Curve".
In the early 1960s, theNational Science Foundation stopped supporting his research, calling the outcome "routine". Despite this lack of interest, the Foundation used Keeling's research in its warning in 1963 of rapidly increasing amounts of heat-trapping gases. A 1965 report fromPresident Johnson'sScience Advisory Committee similarly warned of the dangers of extra heat-trapping gases, which cause the temperature of the Earth to rise.
The data collection started by Keeling and continued at Mauna Loa is the longest continuous record of atmospheric carbon dioxide in the world and is considered a reliable indicator of the global trend in the mid-leveltroposphere. Keeling's research showed that the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide grew from 315 parts per million (ppm) in 1958 to 380 (ppm) in 2005, with increases correlated tofossil fuel emissions. There has also been an increase in seasonal variation in samples from the late 20th century and early 21st century.
Keeling was an enthusiastic outdoorsman who made many hiking and camping trips to the Western mountains, particularly theCascade Mountains ofWashington state. He was an active member of theWilderness Society for much of his life.[15]
Keeling married Louise Barthold in 1954. They had five children, one of whom (Ralph Keeling) followed in his father's footsteps and is a climate scientist at theScripps Institution of Oceanography. Another one of his children, Eric Keeling, currently teaches biology at SUNY New Paltz.[16] Charles Keeling was also an accomplished classical pianist who almost chose a career in music. Keeling was a founding director of theUniversity of California San Diego Madrigal Singers. He was also general chairman of the citizens committee which drafted theDel Mar General Plan (or "Community Plan") in 1975.[17]
Keeling died in 2005, aged 77, of aheart attack.[18]
Keeling was a Guggenheim fellow at the Meteorological Institute,Stockholm University (1961–62); a guest professor at the Second Physical Institute of theUniversity of Heidelberg (1969–70) and the Physical Institute of theUniversity of Bern (1979–80).
He was a fellow of theAmerican Academy of Arts and Sciences, the American Geophysical Union, and theAmerican Association for the Advancement of Science, and a member of theNational Academy of Sciences.
He was a member of the commission on global pollution of the International Association of Meteorology, and scientific director of the Central CO2 Calibration Laboratory of the World Meteorological Organization.
The Keeling Curve Prize rewards a diverse selection of projects reducing greenhouse gas emissions or increasing carbon uptake.
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