Charles Goodyear | |
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| Born | (1800-12-29)29 December 1800 New Haven, Connecticut, U.S. |
| Died | 1 July 1860(1860-07-01) (aged 59) New York City, U.S. |
| Spouse | Clarissa Beecher (m. August 1824) |
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| Engineering career | |
| Projects | vulcanize rubber discovered in 1839, process perfected and patented in 1844. |
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Charles Goodyear (December 29, 1800 – July 1, 1860) was an Americanself-taughtchemist[1][2] andmanufacturing engineer who developedvulcanized rubber, for which he received patent number 3633 from theUnited States Patent Office on June 15, 1844.[3]
Goodyear is credited with inventing the chemical process to create and manufacture pliable, waterproof, moldable rubber.[4]
Goodyear's discovery of the vulcanization process followed five years of searching for a more stable rubber and stumbling upon the effectiveness of heating afterThomas Hancock.[5] His discovery initiated decades of successful rubber manufacturing in theLower Naugatuck Valley in Connecticut, as rubber was adopted to multiple applications, including footwear and tires. TheGoodyear Tire and Rubber Company is named after (though not founded by) him.
Charles Goodyear was born on December 29, 1800, inNew Haven, Connecticut, the son of Amasa Goodyear, and the oldest of six children.[6] His father was a descendant of Stephen Goodyear, successor to Governor Eaton as the head of the company London Merchants, who founded the colony of New Haven in 1638.[7][8]
Around 1817, Charles left his home and went toPhiladelphia to learn the hardware business.[7] He worked industriously until he was twenty-five years old, and then, returning toConnecticut, entered into a partnership in his father's business inNaugatuck, Connecticut, where they manufactured not onlyivory and metal buttons, but also a variety of agricultural supplements. He had siblings Nelson Goodyear, Henry Goodyear, Robert Goodyear, Harriet Goodyear Tomlinson, Amasa Goodyear, Jr.
On August 3, 1824, he married Clarissa Beecher, whom he met at his Congregational Church.[9] Two years later the family moved toPhiladelphia, and there Charles Goodyear opened a hardware store. This is where he did most of his work. His specialties were the valuable agricultural implements that his firm had been manufacturing, and after the first distrust of domestically made goods had worn away—for all agricultural implements were imported from England at that time—he found himself heading a successful business.
This continued to increase until it seemed that he was to be a wealthy man. Between 1829 and 1830 he broke down in health, being troubled withdyspepsia. At the same time, the failure of a number of business endeavors seriously embarrassed his firm. They struggled on, however, for some time, but were finally obliged to fail.
Between the years 1831 and 1832, Goodyear heard aboutgum elastic (natural rubber) and examined every article that appeared in the newspapers relative to this new material. The Roxbury Rubber Company, ofBoston, had been for some time experimenting with the gum, and believed it had found means for manufacturing goods from it. It had a large plant and was sending its goods all over the country. It was some of Roxbury's goods that first attracted Goodyear's attention. Soon after this, Goodyear visited New York, and his attention went tolife preservers, and it struck him that the tube used for inflation was not very effective nor well-made. Therefore, upon returning to Philadelphia, he made tubes and brought them back to New York and showed them to the manager of theRoxbury Rubber Company.
The manager was pleased with the ingenuity that Goodyear had shown in manufacturing the tubes. He confessed to Goodyear that the business was on the verge of ruin and that his products had to be tested for a year before it could be determined if they were perfect or not. To their surprise, goods that they had determined to be of good quality were being returned, the gum having rotted, making them useless. Goodyear at once made up his mind to experiment on this gum and see if he could overcome the problems with these rubber products.
However, when he returned toPhiladelphia, a creditor had him arrested and imprisoned. While there, he tried his first experiments withIndia rubber. The gum was inexpensive then, and by heating it and working it in his hands, he managed to incorporate in it a certain amount ofmagnesia which produced a white compound that appeared to take away the stickiness.
He thought he had discovered the secret, and through the kindness of friends was able to improve his invention in New Haven. The first thing that he made was shoes, and he used his own house for grinding, calendering and vulcanizing, with the help of his wife and children. His compound at this time consisted of India rubber,lampblack, and magnesia, the whole dissolved inturpentine and spread upon the flannel cloth which served as the lining for the shoes. It was not long, however, before he discovered that the gum, even treated this way, became sticky. His creditors, completely discouraged, decided that he would not be allowed to go further in his research.
Goodyear, however, had no mind to stop here in his experiments. Selling his furniture and placing his family in a quiet boarding place, he went to New York and, helped by a friendly druggist, continued his experiments in an attic. His family's situation became so desperate that they were reduced to catching frogs and digging half-frozen potatoes to get by.[10] His two sons died while they were still toddlers, aggravating the impact of poverty. His wife and children, however, stood by him.[10]
Goodyear's next step was to compound the rubber with magnesia and then boil it inquicklime and water. This appeared to solve the problem. At once it was noticed abroad that he had treated India Rubber to lose its stickiness, and he received international acclamation. He seemed on the high road to success, until, one day, he noticed that a drop of weakacid, falling on the cloth, neutralized thealkali and immediately caused the rubber to become soft again. This proved to him that his process was not a successful one. He therefore continued experimenting, and after preparing his mixtures in his attic in New York, would walk three miles to a mill inGreenwich Village to try various experiments.
In the line of these, he discovered that rubber dipped innitric acid formed a surface cure, and he made many products with this acid cure which were held in high regard, and he even received a letter of commendation fromAndrew Jackson.
Exposure to harshchemicals, such as nitric acid andlead oxide, adversely affected his health.[11] Once, he nearly suffocated himself by gas generated in his laboratory. Goodyear survived, but the resulting fever came close to taking his life.
Together with an old business partner, he built up a factory and began to make clothing, life preservers, rubber shoes, and a great variety of rubber goods. They also had a large factory with special machinery, built atStaten Island, where he moved his family and again had a home of his own. Just about this time, when everything looked bright, thepanic of 1837 came and swept away the entire fortune of his associate and left Goodyear penniless.
His next move was to go to Boston, where he became acquainted with J. Haskins, of the Roxbury Rubber Company. Goodyear found him to be a good friend, who lent him money and stood by him when no one would have anything to do with the visionary inventor. A man named Mr. Chaffee was also exceedingly kind and ever ready to lend a listening ear to his plans, and to also assist him in a pecuniary way. About this time it occurred to Mr. Chaffee that much of the trouble that they had experienced in working India Rubber might come from the solvent that was used. He therefore invented a huge machine for doing the mixing by mechanical means. The goods that were made in this way were beautiful to look at, and it appeared, as it had before, that all difficulties were overcome.
Goodyear discovered a new method for making rubber shoes and received a patent which he sold to the Providence Company inRhode Island. However, a method had not yet been found to process rubber so that it would withstand hot and cold temperatures and acids, and so the rubber goods were constantly growing sticky, decomposing and being returned to the manufacturers.
From 1834 through 1839, Goodyear worked anywhere he could find investors, and often moved locations, mostly within New York, Massachusetts, Philadelphia, and Connecticut. In 1839, Goodyear was at theEagle India Rubber Company inWoburn, Massachusetts, where he discovered that combining rubber and sulfur over a hot stove caused the rubber to become rigid, a process which he calledvulcanization because of the heat involved.[12] For this Goodyear received US patent number 1090 on February 24 of the same year.[13]
Several years earlier, Goodyear had started a small factory atSpringfield, Massachusetts, to which he moved his primary operations in 1842.[citation needed] The factory was run largely by Nelson and his brothers. Charles Goodyear's brother-in-law, Mr. De Forest, a wealthy woolen manufacturer became involved as well. The work of making the invention practical was continued. In 1844, the process was sufficiently perfected and Goodyear received US patent number 3633, which mentions New York but not Springfield.[14] Also in 1844, Goodyear's brother Henry introduced mechanical mixing of the mixture in place of the use of solvents. Goodyear sold some of these patents toHiram Hutchinson who foundedHutchinson SA in France in 1853.
In the year 1852, Goodyear went to Europe, a trip that he had long planned, and sawThomas Hancock, then in the employ ofCharles Macintosh & Company. Hancock claimed to have invented vulcanization independently, and received a British patent, initiated in 1843, but finalized in 1844. In 1855, in the last of three patent disputes with fellow British rubber pioneer,Stephen Moulton, Hancock's patent was challenged with the claim that Hancock had copied Goodyear. Goodyear attended the trial. If Hancock lost, Goodyear stood to have his own British patent application granted, allowing him to claim royalties from both Hancock and Moulton. Both had examined Goodyear's vulcanized rubber in 1842, but several chemists testified that it would not have been possible to determine how it was made by studying it. Hancock prevailed.[citation needed]
Despite his misfortune with patents, Goodyear wrote, “In reflecting upon the past, as relates to these branches of industry, the writer is not disposed to repine, and say that he has planted, and others have gathered the fruits. The advantages of a career in life should not be estimated exclusively by the standard of dollars and cents, as is too often done. Man has just cause for regret when he sows and no one reaps.”[15]
Goodyear died on July 1, 1860, while traveling to see his dying daughter. After arriving in New York, he was informed that she had already died. He collapsed and was taken to the Fifth Avenue Hotel in New York City, where he died at the age of 59.
In 1898, almost four decades after his death, TheGoodyear Tire & Rubber Company was founded and named after Goodyear byFrank Seiberling.[16]
On February 8, 1976, he was among six individuals selected for induction into theNational Inventors Hall of Fame.[17]
InWoburn, Massachusetts, there is an elementary school named after him.[18]The Government of France made him a Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur in 1855.
The ACS Rubber Division awards a medal named in Goodyear's honor, theCharles Goodyear Medal. The medal honors principal inventors, innovators, and developers whose contributions resulted in a significant change to the nature of the rubber industry.
TheGoodyear welt, a technique in shoemaking, was named after and in honor of its inventor, Charles' son; Charles Goodyear Jr.[19]
However, in 1839 Charles Goodyear (1800–1860), an American chemist,…
Famous Scientists: Charles Goodyear, chemist.
