Born inMarietta, Ohio, Dawes attendedCincinnati Law School before beginning a legal career inLincoln, Nebraska. After serving as a gas plant executive, he managedWilliam McKinley's 1896 presidential campaign in Illinois. After the election, McKinley appointed Dawes as theComptroller of the Currency. He remained in that position until 1901 before forming the Central Trust Company of Illinois. Dawes served as a general duringWorld War I and was the chairman of the general purchasing board for theAmerican Expeditionary Forces. In 1921, PresidentWarren G. Harding appointed Dawes as the first director of theBureau of the Budget. Dawes served on the Allied Reparations Commission, where he helped formulate the Dawes Plan to aid the strugglingGerman economy.
Dawes marriedCaro Blymyer on January 24, 1889.[4] They had a son, Rufus Fearing (1890–1912), and a daughter, Carolyn. They later adopted two children, Dana and Virginia.[5]
Dawes was admitted to the bar inNebraska, and he practiced inLincoln, Nebraska, from 1887 to 1894.[6][9] When LieutenantJohn Pershing, the future army general, was military instructor at theUniversity of Nebraska he and Dawes met and formed a lifelong friendship.[10] Pershing also received a law degree at Nebraska and proposed leaving the army to go into private practice with Dawes, who cautioned him against giving up the regular army pay for the uncertainty of legal remuneration.[11] Dawes also metDemocratic CongressmanWilliam Jennings Bryan. The two became friends despite their disagreement overfree silver policies.[12]
Dawes relocated from Lincoln toChicago during thePanic of 1893.[12] In 1894, Dawes acquired interests in several Midwestern gas plants. He became the president of both the La Crosse Gas Light Company inLa Crosse, Wisconsin, and the Northwestern Gas Light and Coke Company inEvanston, Illinois.[5]
Dawes was a self-taughtpianist,flutist and composer. His compositionMelody in A Major became a well-knownpiano andviolin piece in 1912.[13] Marie Edwards made a popular arrangement of the work in 1921.[14] Also, in 1921, it was arranged for a small orchestra byAdolf G. Hoffmann.[15]Melody in A Major was played at many official functions that Dawes attended.[16]
In 1951,Carl Sigman added lyrics toMelody in A Major, transforming it into the song "It's All in the Game".[16]Tommy Edwards's recording of "It's All in the Game" was a number-one hit on the AmericanBillboard record chart for six weeks in 1958.[17] Edwards's version of the song became number one on the United Kingdom chart that year.[18]
Dawes is the only U.S. vice president to be credited with a number-one pop hit.[16] Dawes andBob Dylan (as a writer) are the only persons credited with a number-one pop hit to have also won a Nobel Prize.[a]
In October 1901, Dawes left the Department of the Treasury to pursue a U.S. Senate seat from Illinois. He thought that, with the help of the McKinley Administration, he could win it. McKinley was assassinated and his successor, PresidentTheodore Roosevelt, preferred Dawes's opponent,Albert J. Hopkins.[21] In 1902, following this unsuccessful attempt at legislative office, Dawes declared that he was done with politics. He organized the Central Trust Company of Illinois, where he served as its president until 1921.[5]
Dawes helped support the firstAnglo-French Loan to theEntente powers of $500 million. Dawes's support was important because theHouse of Morgan needed public support from a non-Morgan banker. The Morgan bankerThomas W. Lamont said that Dawes's support would "make a position for him in the banking world such as he otherwise could never hope to make".[25] (Loans were seen as possibly violating neutrality, and Wilson was still resisting permitting loans.)
During WWI, Dawes was commissioned as a major on June 11, 1917, in the 17th Engineers. He was subsequently promoted to lieutenant colonel (July 17, 1917), and colonel (January 16, 1918). In October 1918, he was promoted to brigadier general.[26] From August 1917 to August 1919, Dawes served in France during WWI as chairman of the general purchasing board for the American Expeditionary Forces (AEF). His proposal to Gen. Pershing was adopted informed theMilitary Board of Allied Supply, on which he served as the American delegate in 1918. When the war ended in November, he became a member of the Liquidation Commission of theUnited States War Department. He was decorated with theDistinguished Service Medal[27] and the FrenchCroix de Guerre in recognition of his service. He returned to the US aboard theSSLeviathan in August 1919.[28] Dawes published a memoir of his World War I service,A Journal of the Great War, 1921.
In February 1921, the U.S. Senate held hearings on war expenditures. During heated testimony, Dawes burst out, "Hell and Maria, we weren't trying to keep a set of books over there, we were trying to win a war!"[29] He was later known as "Hell and Maria Dawes" (although he always insisted the expression was "Helen Maria", an exclamation he claimed was common in Nebraska).[30] Dawes resigned from the Army in 1919[5] and became a member of theAmerican Legion.
He supportedFrank O. Lowden at the1920 Republican National Convention, but the presidential nomination went toWarren G. Harding.[12] When theBureau of the Budget was created, he was appointed in 1921 by President Harding as its first director. Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover appointed him to the Allied Reparations Commission in 1923. Dawes chaired the group that devised the solution to the European crisis: through theDawes Plan, American banks loaned large sums of money to Germany. The loans helped Germany's industrial production to recover and the government to make reparation payments to France and Belgium as required by theVersailles Treaty. France and Belgium in turn agreed to withdraw the troops that had beenoccupying the Ruhr since January 1923. In 1929 the Reparations Commission underOwen Young replaced the plan with the more permanentYoung Plan, which reduced the total amount of reparations and called for the removal ofoccupying forces from the Rhineland.[31][32] For his work on the Dawes Plan and the resulting reduction of tensions between France and Germany, Dawes shared theNobel Peace Prize in 1925.[5][33]
At the1924 Republican National Convention, PresidentCalvin Coolidge was selected almost without opposition to be the Republican presidential nominee.[35] The vice-presidential nominee was more contested. Governor Lowden was nominated, but declined. Coolidge's next choice was Idaho SenatorWilliam Borah, who also declined the nomination. The Republican National Chairman, William Butler, wanted to nominate then-Commerce SecretaryHerbert Hoover, but he was insufficiently popular. Eventually, the delegates chose Dawes. Coolidge quickly accepted the delegates' choice and felt that Dawes would be loyal to him and make a strong addition to his campaign.[35]
Dawes traveled throughout the country during the campaign, giving speeches to bolster the Republican ticket. On August 22, Dawes would appear at a rally located inAugusta, Maine on the behalf of Republican candidate for GovernorRalph Owen Brewster, who was accused by his opponentWilliam Robinson Pattangall of being backed by theKu Klux Klan and having sympathies for them. Dawes, who was challenged by Pattangall to talk on the issue, gave a speech attacking the Klan and its religious and racial prejudice rhetoric (Dawes was however careful on how he talked about race).[36] He frequently attackedProgressive nomineeRobert M. La Follette as a dangerous radical who sympathized with theBolsheviks.[12] The Coolidge-Dawes ticket was elected on November 4, 1924, with more popular votes than the candidates of the Democratic and Progressive parties combined.[37] The inauguration was held on March 4, 1925.[38]
When Dawes took the oath on March 4, he would take action and infamously go on a tangent against the Senate'sfilibuster. In the speech, Dawes criticized rule XXII, calling it "undemocratic" and noted how it was easily taken advantage of due to its two-thirds voting procedure. Through most of the speech, Dawes pointed at specific senators and repeatedly slammed his fist on a table.Chief Justice William Howard Taft wrote to his son that the vice president had "made a monkey out of himself." Alongside annoying the entire Senate with a speech that left many shocked, Dawes ended up irritating them again that same day, by having the senators be sworn in one by one (usually they would take the oath in groups). Dawes would end up stealing the thunder from Coolidge that day. With many in the press afterwards making a joke out of Dawes, Coolidge was very upset with how the vice president was starting off his term.[39]
On March 10, the Senate debated the president's nomination ofCharles B. Warren to beUnited States Attorney General. In the wake of theTeapot Dome scandal and other scandals, Democrats and Progressive Republicans objected to the nomination because of Warren's close association with theSugar Trust. At midday, six speakers were scheduled to address Warren's nomination. Desiring to take a break for a nap, Dawes consulted the majority and minority leaders, who assured him that no vote would be taken that afternoon. After Dawes left the Senate, all but one of the scheduled speakers decided against making formal remarks, and a vote was taken. When it became apparent that the vote would be tied, Republican leaders hastily called Dawes at the Willard Hotel, and he immediately left for the Capitol. The first vote was 40-40, a tie which Dawes could have broken in Warren's favor. While waiting for Dawes to arrive, the only Democratic senator who had voted for Warren switched his vote. The nomination then failed 41-39—the first such rejection of a president's nominee in nearly 60 years.[34] This incident was chronicled in a derisive poem, based on the Longfellow poem "Paul Revere's Ride"; it began with the line, "Come gather round children and hold your applause for the afternoon ride of Charlie Dawes." The choice of poem was based on Charles Dawes being descended fromWilliam Dawes, who rode with Paul Revere.[citation needed]
Dawes and Coolidge became alienated from one another. Dawes declined to attend Cabinet meetings and annoyed Coolidge with his attack on the Senatefilibuster. Dawes championed theMcNary–Haugen Farm Relief Bill, which sought to alleviate the1920s farm crisis by having the government buy surplus farm produce and sell that surplus in foreign markets. Dawes helped ensure the passage of the bill through Congress, but President Coolidge vetoed it.[12]
In 1927, Coolidge announced that he would not seek re-election. Dawes again favored Frank Lowden at the1928 Republican National Convention, but the convention choseHerbert Hoover.[12] Rumors circulated about Dawes being chosen as Hoover's running mate. Coolidge made it known that he would consider the renomination of Dawes as vice president to be an insult.Charles Curtis of Kansas, known for his skills in collaboration, was chosen as Hoover's running mate.[40]
After Dawes completed his term as vice president, he served as theU.S. Ambassador to the United Kingdom (known formally as theCourt of St. James's) from 1929 to 1931.[41] Overall, Dawes was an effective ambassador, asGeorge V's son, the futureEdward VIII, later confirmed in his memoirs.[citation needed] Dawes was rather rough-hewn for some of his duties, disliking presenting American débutantes to the King. On his first visit to the royal court, in deference to American public opinion, he refused to wear the customary Court dress, which then included knee breeches. This episode was said to upset the King, who had been prevented by illness from attending the event.
As theGreat Depression continued to ravage the US, Dawes accepted PresidentHerbert Hoover's appeal to leave diplomatic office and head the newly createdReconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC). After a few months, Dawes resigned from the RFC. As chairman of the failing Central Republic Bank and Trust Company of Chicago, he felt obligated to work for its rescue. Political opponents alleged that, under Dawes's leadership, the RFC had given preferential treatment to his bank. This marked the end of Dawes's career in public service. For the1932 election, Hoover considered the possibility of adding Dawes to the ticket in place of Curtis, but Dawes declined the potential offer.[42]
Later in 1932, Dawes and associates formed the City National Bank and Trust Co. to take over the deposits of the failed Central Republic Bank and Trust Company.[43] In 1936, Republican congressional leaders informally approached Dawes about the possibility of heading up their presidential ticket atthat year's presidential election, hoping for a candidate associated with the prosperous Coolidge years, but Dawes had no interest in returning to front-line politics; the (ultimately unsuccessful) ticket would instead be headed byAlf Landon.[42]
Dawes served for nearly two decades as chairman of the board of City National from 1932 until his death.[44] He died on April 23, 1951, at his Evanston home fromcoronary thrombosis at the age of 85.[45] He is interred inRosehill Cemetery, Chicago.[46]
In 1925, Dawes was a co-winner of theNobel Peace Prize for his work on WWI reparations.[49]
A Chicago public school located at 3810 W 81st Place is named in his honor, as are an Evanston public school at 440 Dodge Avenue and Evanston's Dawes Park at 1700 Sheridan Road.
The President of the United States of America, authorized by Act of Congress, July 9, 1918, takes pleasure in presenting the Army Distinguished Service Medal to Brigadier General Charles G. Dawes, United States Army, for exceptionally meritorious and distinguished services to the Government of the United States, in a duty of great responsibility during World War I. General Dawes rendered most conspicuous services in the organization of the General Purchasing Board as General Purchasing Agent of the American Expeditionary Forces and as the Representative of the U.S. Army on the Military Board of Allied Supply. His rare abilities, sound business judgment, and aggressive energy were invaluable in securing needed supplies for the Allied armies in Europe. (War Department, General Orders No. 12 (1919))
a self-made man who valued hard work and thriftiness tempered with Christian generosity. He spent his life promoting solid Republican values of small government with restrained budgets. Franklin Roosevelt's philosophy of big government spending was anathema to him.[50]
In 1944, he bequeathed his lakeshore home in Evanston toNorthwestern University for the Evanston Historical Society (later renamed the Evanston History Center). Dawes lived in the house until his death. The Dawes family continued to occupy it until the death of Mrs. Dawes in 1957. Since then, the Evanston History Center operates out of the house and manages it as a museum. Designated aNational Historic Landmark, theCharles G. Dawes House is listed on theNational Register of Historic Places.
^Stephen A. Schuker,The End of French Predominance in Europe: The Financial Crisis of 1924 and the Adoption of the Dawes Plan (U of North Carolina Press, 1976).
^abHatfield, M. O. (1997). Vice Presidents of the United States, 1789–1993. Senate Historical Office. Washington: United States Government Printing Office
Goedeken, Edward A. "Charles Dawes and the Military Board of Allied Supply".Journal of Military History 50.1 (1986): 1–6.
Goedecken, Edward A. (1985). "A Banker at War: The World War I Experiences of Charles Gates Dawes".Illinois Historical Journal.78 (3):195–206.JSTOR40191858.
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