Achaldron (alsochauldron orchalder) was anEnglish measure of dry volume, mostly used for coal; the word itself is an obsolete spelling ofcauldron. It was used from the 13th century onwards, nominally until 1963, when it was abolished by theWeights and Measures Act 1963, but in practice until the end of 1835, when theWeights and Measures Act 1835 specified that thenceforth coal could only be sold by weight.
The chaldron was used as the measure for coal from the 13th century, measuring by volume being much more practical than weighing low-value, high-bulk commodities like coal. It was not standardized, and there were many different regional chaldrons, the two most important being theNewcastle and London chaldrons. The Newcastle chaldron was used to measure all coal shipped fromNorthumberland andDurham, and the London chaldron became the standard measure for coal in the east and south of England.[1]
Many attempts have been made to calculate the weight of a Newcastle chaldron as used in medieval and early modern times. Coal industry historian John Nef has estimated that in 1421 it weighed 2,000 lb (907 kg), and that its weight was gradually increased by coal traders due to the taxes on coal (which were charged per chaldron) until 1678, when its weight was fixed by law at52+1⁄2long hundredweight (5,880 lb; 2,670 kg), later increased in 1694 to 53long hundredweight (5,940 lb; 2,690 kg).[1]
A London chaldron, on the other hand, was defined as "36bushels heaped up, each bushel to contain aWinchester bushel and 1imperialquart (1.14 L; 1.20 USqt), and to be19+1⁄2inches (495 mm) in diameter". This approximated a weight in coal of around 28 long hundredweight or 3,140 lb or 1,420 kg.[2]
The chaldron was the legal limit for horse-drawn coal waggons travelling by road as it was considered that heavier loads would cause too much damage to the roadways. Railways had standard "chauldron waggons" which were about 10 ft (3.05 m) and around 6 ft 3 in (1.91 m) high.
The value of a chaldron of coal depended on the size of the lumps of coal and also their water content. Unscrupulous merchants would purchase their coal in lumps as large as possible then sell them in smaller sizes. This was abolished by theWeights and Measures Act 1835, which legislated that from January 1836 coal was only to be sold by weight.[3]
This article incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain: Chambers, Ephraim, ed. (1728). "Chaldron".Cyclopædia, or an Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences (1st ed.). James and John Knapton, et al.