 | |
| Founded | 1965 (1965) |
|---|---|
| Founder | Rousas John Rushdoony |
| Type | Nonprofit 501(c)(3) |
| 95-6121940 (EIN) | |
| Location | |
| Members | 3 |
| Owner | Chalcedon, Inc. |
Key people | Mark R. Rushdoony, President Martin G. Selbrede, Vice President |
| Revenue | $961,294 (2010)[1] |
| Employees | 10 |
| Volunteers | 10 |
| Website | chalcedon |
TheChalcedon Foundation is anAmericanChristian Reconstructionist organization, founded byRousas John Rushdoony in 1965. Named for theCouncil of Chalcedon,[2] it has also includedtheologians such asGary North, who later founded his own organization, the Institute for Christian Economics.
The Chalcedon Foundation provides educational material, in the form of books, newsletter reports and various electronic media, toward advancing the theological teachings of Rushdoony's Christian Reconstructionism movement. It is notable for its role in the influence of Christianity on politics in the U.S.[3] and has been described as "athink tank of theReligious Right."[4] Rushdoony's son Mark now heads the foundation.
The Chalcedon Foundation has been listed as ananti-gayhate group by theSouthern Poverty Law Center.[5]
The Chalcedon Foundation, which is named after a451 A.D. council that proclaimed the state's subservience to God, was officially founded by Rousas John Rushdoony in summer 1965.[2][5] In 1971, Gary North was hired part-time, and two years later North was hired full-time whileGreg Bahnsen was also hired. Rushdoony founded Ross House Books in 1976, the same year in which North and Bahnsen left the Foundation to pursue careers elsewhere. In 1977, the Foundation's first office building was built. A decade later, the organization'sNewsletter became a magazine, theChalcedon Report.
In the 1970s multimillionaireHoward Ahmanson became aCalvinist and joined Rushdoony'sChristian Reconstructionist movement.[6] Ahmanson served as a board member of Rushdoony's Chalcedon Foundation for approximately 15 years before resigning in 1996. Ahmanson said he had left the Chalcedon board and "does not embrace all of Rushdoony's teachings."[7][8]Time magazine covered the Ahmansons in their 2005 profiles of the 25 Most InfluentialEvangelicals in America, classifying them as "the financiers."[9] FormerAmericanoil billionaireNelson Bunker Hunt also made heavy contributions to the Chalcedon Foundation.[10]
Key members of the Chalcedon Foundation over the years have includedGary North,Greg Bahnsen,David Chilton,Gary DeMar,Kenneth Gentry, andAndrew Sandlin. North has defined his politics as Neo-Puritanism.[4]
Rushdoony died February 8, 2001, and was succeeded by his son Mark Rushdoony, who continues to run the organization. In 2004, Ross House Books merged with Chalcedon, and in 2005, theChalcedon Report was renamedFaith for All of Life.[3]
The Chalcedon Foundation describes itself as a Christian educational organization oriented toward promotingChristian reconstruction, emphasizing theCultural or Dominion Mandate.[11] The Foundation's founder, Rousas John Rushdoony, who is known as “father of Christian Reconstruction” theology,[5] advocated the imposition ofOld Testament laws.[12]Newsweek magazine described the Chalcedon Foundation as "a think tank of the Religious Right, including theMoral Majority."[4] Rushdoony himself claimed that his movement had 20 million followers, although not all of them are members of an organization.[10]
Chalcedon Foundation roots in the late 1960s evolved from Rushdoony's career as anOrthodox Presbyterian pastor. Rushdoony, and a handful of Ph.D.s and ex-seminarians wrote books and articles that were not especially popular at the time. Forty years later, however, secular journalists characterize Rushdoony's movement as "the spark plug behind much of the battle over religion in politics today". Rushdoony's work via the Chalcedon Foundation challenged conservative Christians to "take the whole Bible seriously—including inconvenient verses in the Old Testament that most Christians, even biblical literalists, politely ignore."[3]
The Chalcedon Foundation advocates the Christian Reconstructionism movement which "believes Christians must take control of society for 1,000 years before the Second Coming of Christ can be achieved." Rushdoony believed the Bible should be adopted as law,[13] including Scriptures advocating the death penalty forhomosexuality, striking or cursing a parent, adultery, and lying. Rushdoony developed and articulated Christian Reconstructionism in his bookThe Institutes of Biblical Law (1973), which is promoted by the Chalcedon Foundation.[14] The book is a commentary on theTen Commandments, and provides an outline of a program for establishing a Christiantheocracy.[4]
According to American journalistFrederick Clarkson, reconstructionism has played an important role in shaping the contemporaryChristian Right[3] citing that Reconstructionists who have already moved into positions of significant power and influence are two directors of Chalcedon Foundation, philanthropist Howard Ahmanson and political consultant Wayne C. Johnson, epitomizing the political strategy of the new Christian Right.[15]
Dominionism orDominion Theology is a grouping of theological systems[16] with the common belief that the law of God, as codified in the Bible, should exclusively govern society, to the exclusion of secular law, a view also known astheonomy. Reconstructionists themselves use the worddominionism to refer to their belief that Christians alone should control civil government, conducting it according to Biblical law.[17][self-published source?][18]
The central biblical text for Dominionists is Genesis 1:26–28, in which God declares that man shall have dominion over all the earth. This is seen as a mandate for believers to create both a Christian government and aChristian culture. It has been primarily associated with Rushdoony's Reconstructionism movement, as espoused by the Chalcedon Foundation. Rushdoony himself supported theJohn Birch Society, while North wrote the epilogue to a conspiracist text by the John Birch Society author,Larry Abraham. North went as far as declaring that the enemies of the United States were “a conspiracy of super-rich and super-powerful insiders.”[19]
The Chalcedon Foundation advocateshomeschooling, believing "that the right place for a child's education is his home, and the right teachers are his parents".[10][20]
Rushdoony, a staunch advocate of homeschooling,[4] viewed it as a way to combat the intentionally secular nature of the U.S. public school system. He vigorously attacked progressive school reformers such asHorace Mann and John Dewey and argued for the dismantling of the state's influence in education in three works:Intellectual Schizophrenia (a general and concise study of education),The Messianic Character of American Education (a history and castigation of public education in the U.S.), andThe Philosophy of the Christian Curriculum (a parent-oriented pedagogical statement), each of which are still promoted by the Chalcedon Foundation.[21]
InHarsh Truth About Public Schools published by the Chalcedon Foundation, writer and attorney Bruce N. Shortt, who homeschooled his own children, writes of the "dishonorable conduct, degenerating academic standards, and defensive bureaucracy that are jeopardizing America's future, courtesy of teacher unions' self-interest and increasingly derelict parents".[22]
In 2005, the Chalcedon Foundation was designated an anti-gay hate group by the Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC). The Chalcedon Foundation promotes Christian Reconstruction and calls for the "imposition of Old Testament law on America and the world." According to the SPLC, this "embraces the most draconian of religious views", being "opposed to modern notions of equality, democracy or tolerance." The SPLC also stated that Rushdoony supported thedeath penalty for homosexuals, opposedinterracial marriage,denied the Holocaust, and included "incorrigible children" as a group of people deserving of the death penalty.[5][23]
Rushdoony's Reconstruction is indeed radical, even including "incorrigible children" among those deserving death. And virtually all of his works remain for sale on the Chalcedon Foundation website.
