Inartillery,chain shot is a type ofcannonprojectile formed of twosub-calibre balls, or half-balls,chained together.Bar shot is similar, but joined by a solid bar. They were used in the age ofsailing ships andblack powdercannon to shoot masts, or to cut theshrouds and any otherrigging of a target ship.[1][citation needed]
When fired, after leaving the muzzle, the shot's components tumble in the air, and the connecting chain fully extends. In past use, as much as 1.8 m (6 ft) of chain would sweep through the target. However, the tumbling made both bar and chain shot less accurate, so they were used at shorter ranges.[2]
Chain shot was sometimes used on land as an anti-personnel load. It was used by the defenders ofMagdeburg in May 1631 as an anti-personnel load, which, according to counselorOtto von Guericke, was one reason for the extreme violence of the victorious attackers.[3] It was also used against Parliamentarians in thefirst English Civil War,[4] and against Cromwell in Ireland at thesiege of Clonmel in 1650, against the76th Regiment of Foot in India in 1803,[5] and by the French against the Dutch at theBattle of Waterloo.[6]
The military usefulness of chain shot died out as wooden sail-powered ships were replaced with armored steam ships—first among navies, and then among commercial fleets—which do not have rigging to serve as proper targets for chain-shot. Additionally, the conversion of naval armament fromsmoothbore,muzzle loaded,black powdercannon torifled,breech-loaded guns further slowed the production of new chain shot ammunition; the chain would damage barrels (degrading maximum range, and further degrading effective range by degrading accuracy), and the new breech loading guns and their ammunition were meant to be effective against armored vessels as well as wooden sailing vessels.
In modern times, the effect is replicated inshotguns with the use ofbolo shells, a pair of slugs connected by a strong wire. They are banned in several jurisdictions, including Florida[7] and Illinois.[8]
This article incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain: Chambers, Ephraim, ed. (1728).Cyclopædia, or an Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences (1st ed.). James and John Knapton, et al.{{cite encyclopedia}}:Missing or empty|title= (help)