Subfamily of deer
TheCervinae or theOld World deer , are asubfamily ofdeer . Alternatively, they are known as theplesiometacarpal deer , due to having lost the parts of the second and fifthmetacarpal bones closest to the foot (though retaining the parts away from the foot), distinct from the telemetacarpal deer of theCapreolinae (which have instead retained these parts of those metacarpals, while losing the parts away from the foot instead).[ 1]
Classification and species [ edit ] The following species are recognised in extant genera:[ 2] [ 3] [ 4] [ 5] [ 6]
Tribe Muntiacini Tribe Cervini ("true" deer) The taxonomy of Cervini is poorly resolved due to conflict betweennuclear DNA andmitochondrial DNA phylogenies:
Mitchondrial DNA phylogeny after Heckeberg (2020)[ 8] [ 9] [ 10]
Nuclear DNA phylogeny after Heckeberg (2020)[ 8] [ 9]
†Amphiprox †Cervavitus †Croizetoceros †Dicrocerus †Euprox †Praesinomegaceros †Heteroprox †Metacervocerus †Praeelaphus †Megaloceros †Praemegaceros †Pseudodama †Sinomegaceros †Megaceroides †Eucladoceros †Candiacervus †Haploidoceros Cervinae is suggested to have split from Capreolinae at least 13.8 million years ago based on the first appearance ofEuprox, suggested to be astem-group cervine in Europe at this time.[ 11] [ 1] [ 12] [ 1]
^a b c Croitor, Roman (December 2022)."Paleobiogeography of Crown Deer" .Earth .3 (4):1138– 1160.Bibcode :2022Earth...3.1138C .doi :10.3390/earth3040066 ISSN 2673-4834 . ^ Randi, E.; Mucci, N.; et al. (February 2001). "A mitochondrial DNA control region phylogeny of the Cervinae: speciation inCervus and implications for conservation".Animal Conservation .4 (1):1– 11.Bibcode :2001AnCon...4....1R .doi :10.1017/S1367943001001019 .S2CID 86572236 . ^ Pitraa, C.; Fickel, J.; et al. (December 2004). "Evolution and phylogeny of old world deer".Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution .33 (3):880– 895.Bibcode :2004MolPE..33..880P .doi :10.1016/j.ympev.2004.07.013 .PMID 15522810 . ^ Alvarez D. (2007)[full citation needed ^ Duarte, J.M.B.; González, S.; Maldonado, J.E. (October 2008). "The surprising evolutionary history of South American deer".Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution .49 (1):17– 22.Bibcode :2008MolPE..49...17D .doi :10.1016/j.ympev.2008.07.009 .PMID 18675919 . ^ "A new perspective on Ungulate Taxonomy" . Archived fromthe original on 2012-12-01. Retrieved2013-01-23 .^ Timmins, Robert J. (2025)."MuntjacsMuntiacus Rafinesque, 1815" . In Melletti, M.; Focardi, S. (eds.).Deer of the World . Springer Nature. pp. 349– 363.ISBN 978-3-031-17756-9 ^a b Heckeberg, Nicola S.; Zachos, Frank E.; Kierdorf, Uwe (January 2023)."Antler tine homologies and cervid systematics: A review of past and present controversies with special emphasis on Elaphurus davidianus" .The Anatomical Record .306 (1):5– 28.doi :10.1002/ar.24956 ISSN 1932-8486 .PMID 35578743 . ^a b Heckeberg, Nicola S. (2020-02-18)."The systematics of the Cervidae: a total evidence approach" .PeerJ .8 e8114.doi :10.7717/peerj.8114 ISSN 2167-8359 .PMC 7034380 PMID 32110477 . ^ Xiao, Bo; Rey-lglesia, Alba; Yuan, Junxia; Hu, Jiaming; Song, Shiwen; Hou, Yamei; Chen, Xi; Germonpré, Mietje; Bao, Lei; Wang, Siren; Taogetongqimuge; Valentinovna, Lbova Liudmila; Lister, Adrian M.; Lai, Xulong; Sheng, Guilian (November 2023)."Relationships of Late Pleistocene Giant Deer as Revealed by Sinomegaceros Mitogenomes from East Asia" .iScience .26 (12) 108406.Bibcode :2023iSci...26j8406X .doi :10.1016/j.isci.2023.108406 PMC 10690636 PMID 38047074 . ^ Mennecart, Bastien; DeMiguel, Daniel; Bibi, Faysal; Rössner, Gertrud E.; Métais, Grégoire; Neenan, James M.; Wang, Shiqi; Schulz, Georg; Müller, Bert; Costeur, Loïc (2017-10-13)."Bony labyrinth morphology clarifies the origin and evolution of deer" .Scientific Reports .7 (1): 13176.Bibcode :2017NatSR...713176M .doi :10.1038/s41598-017-12848-9 .ISSN 2045-2322 .PMC 5640792 PMID 29030580 . ^ Samejima, Yuusuke; Matsuoka, Hiroshige (2020-06-02)."A new viewpoint on antlers reveals the evolutionary history of deer (Cervidae, Mammalia)" .Scientific Reports .10 (1): 8910.Bibcode :2020NatSR..10.8910S .doi :10.1038/s41598-020-64555-7 .ISSN 2045-2322 .PMC 7265483 PMID 32488122 .
