| Cerdocyoninans | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Four representatives of cerdocyoninan canids. Clockwise, starting from top left, are themaned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus), thebush dog (Speothos venaticus) thecrab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous) and theAndean fox (Lycalopex culpaeus) | |
Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Carnivora |
| Family: | Canidae |
| Subfamily: | Caninae |
| Tribe: | Canini |
| Subtribe: | Cerdocyonina Tedfordet al., 2009[1] |
| Genera[1] | |
Cerdocyonina is an extantsubtribe of thecanini and is endemic to theAmericas. It is a sister lineage to the subtribeCanina.[1]: 84 [2] There are 10 extant species.[3] Its members are colloquially known as theSouth American canids.[4]
Cerdocyonina is a natural lineage whose common ancestor was sister to theEucyon–Canis–Lycaon lineage. It is represented in the fossil record of North America byCerdocyon 6-5 million years ago, and byTheriodictis andChrysocyon 5–4 million years ago.[5]: 150
The fossil of a large form of the extinctTheriodictis that dates 2 million years ago was found in Florida. The maned wolf and an extinct species of the crab-eating zorro were in North America around this time, which was before theIsthmus of Panama came into being, indicating the origin of the Cerdocyonina in North America.[4]: 53
Prior to the 1990s there have been different systematic hypotheses pertaining to the relationships among South American canids, most frequent was the notion of there being three genera and subgenera after Langguth 1969[6] and 1970:[7]
Morphological and DNA evidence shows that the South American canids, being the most diverse group of canids on any continent, forms its own natural group.[4]
These taxa, representing diverse adaptations, can be diagnosed by the following synapomorphies: angular process of the mandible wide, may lack hooklike termination, expansion accommodates widened insertions for pterygoid muscle segments, especially that for the medial branch of the internal pterygoid; posterior cusp of p3 weak or absent; and m1 hypoconid and entoconid, joined by cristids. The Cerdocyonina lacks the strongly arched zygoma and often the second posterior cusp on p4 between the cingulum and the large first cusp, which marks them as primitive relative to Eucyon and its sister taxon the subtribe Canina, which shares these synapomorphies.
In 2018, a study found that the extinct South AmericanCanis gezi did not fall under genusCanis and should be classified under the Cerdocyonina, however no genus was proposed.[8]
In 2005, a genetic study revealed the cladogram below,[9] modified to incorporate recent findings onLycalopex species[10] andDusicyon.[11]
| Cerdocyonina |
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In 2022, a study sequenced thegenomes of the living members of Cerdocyonina, which indicates that they commenced diversifying from a common ancestor between 3.9—3.5 million years ago. This finding is consistent with the ancestor arriving in South America from Central America through theIsthmus of Panama and then entering into eastern South America. The subtribe then expanded to occupy the entire continent.[3]
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