The 2010 census recorded a population of 2,635,009 for the province, and the 2020 Census recorded 2,985,734, of whom 1,534,706 were male and 1,451,028 were female.[5] The official estimate as at mid 2023 was 3,086,750 (comprising 1,583,650 males and 1,503,100 females).[1] According to BPS (Indonesia's Central Statistics Bureau), Central Sulawesi has an area of 61,605.72 km2 (23,786 sq mi),[6] but the sum of the area figures submitted by the regencies and city is actually 65,863.75 km2 (25,430 sq mi); in either case, the province has the largest area among all provinces on Sulawesi Island, and has the second-largest population on Sulawesi Island after the province of South Sulawesi.
It is bordered by the province ofGorontalo to the north, and byWest Sulawesi,South Sulawesi andSouth East Sulawesi provinces to the south, byMaluku across theMolucca Sea to the east, and by theMakassar Strait to the west. The province is inhabited by many ethnic groups, such as the Kaili, Tolitoli, etc. The official language of the province isIndonesian, which is used for official purposes and inter-ethnic communication, while there are severalindigenous language spoken by theIndigenous peoples of Central Sulawesi.Islam is the dominant religion in the province, followed by Christianity which is mostly adhered to by the people in the eastern part of the province.[7]
In the 13th century, several kingdoms had been established in Central Sulawesi such as the Kingdom of Banawa, the Kingdom of Tawaeli, theKingdom of Sigi, the Kingdom of Bangga, and theKingdom of Banggai. The influence of Islam on the kingdoms in Central Sulawesi began to be felt in the 16th century. The spread ofIslam in Central Sulawesi was a result of the expansion of kingdoms inSouth Sulawesi.[8][9] The influence that first came was from the Kingdom of Bone and theKingdom of Wajo. Dutch traders began arriving in the beginning of the 17th century. The Dutch built several fortifications in present-day Parigi to combat piracy in the region after annexing the region as part of theDutch East Indies. The province remained part of the Indies for the next three centuries until the Dutch were ousted by theJapanese duringWorld War II. After the Japanesesurrendered, the area was incorporated into the new Republic of Indonesia. Initially, the area was part ofNorth Sulawesi before being formed as a separate province on 13 April 1964.
According toUNICEF, Central Sulawesi is a province with a significant number of young people. As many as 1 million people or 35 percent of the total population in this province are children. More than three out of four children live in rural areas.[10] More than 185,000 children (18.2 percent) live below the provincialpoverty line in 2015 (Rp. 11,127 per person per day). However, more households are in a vulnerable position and live with income that is slightly above the poverty line. In addition, three-quarters of children experience deprivation in two dimensions non-income poverty or more, with that inequality striking between urban and rural areas.
There are over 400 granitemegaliths in the area of theLore Lindu National Park, of which around 30 represent human forms. They vary in size from a few centimetres to approximately 4.5 metres (15 ft). The original purpose of the megaliths is unknown.[11] Other megaliths in the area are large stone pots (Kalamba) accompanied by stone lids (Tutu'na). Various archaeological studies have dated the carvings from between 3000 BC to 1300 AD.[12]
Central Sulawesi has many caves, seven of which have ancient pictures and, based on 2011 research by a joint Indonesian and Australian team, the pictures are known to have been drawn at least 40,000 years ago (about the same age as pictures found in theCaves of Monte Castillo, Spain which are known as the oldest ancient pictures in Europe).[13]
Some of the oldest bronze objects are discovered in Central Sulawesi. The Makassar Axe is a 1st-century ADbronze axes probably used as a valuable object in a ceremony. TheKulawi people of Central Sulawesi still practice the exchange of heirloom bronze objects e.g. thetaiganja, whose basic form has been discovered throughout the eastern part of Indonesia.
Islam reached the region in the 17th century, shortly after the Islamic avowal ofGowa, the powerful kingdom at the south part of Sulawesi island. Areas along the western coast of Central Sulawesi, from Donggala to Tolitoli, were conquered by Gowa around the middle of the 16th century under the leadership of King Tunipalangga.[14] The area around the Gulf of Palu is an important center and trade route, coconut oil producer, and "entrance" to the interior of Central Sulawesi.[15] On the other hand, theGulf of Tomini area was largely under the control of the Kingdom of Parigi.[16]
With the widespread influence ofSouth Sulawesi, Islam spread to the region. Islam first spread to the coastal area of Central Sulawesi. In the middle of the 16th century, two kingdoms, namelyBuol andLuwuk, accepted Islamic teachings. Since 1540, Buol was in the form of a sultanate and was led by a sultan named Eato Mohammad Tahir.[8][9]
In the beginning of the 17th century, theDutch started arriving in Central Sulawesi. Under the pretext of securing his fleet from pirate attacks, theDutch East India Company (VOC) built fortresses in Parigi and Lambunu. Soon afterwards, the region began to fall into the Dutch sphere of influence. In the 18th century, the Dutch forced the kings of Central Sulawesi to come toManado andGorontalo to take an oath of loyalty to the VOC. This would mark the beginning of the Dutch colonial rule in the region for the next three centuries.
Initially, the colonial government paid little attention to the region. In 1824, representatives of the Kingdom of Banawa and the Kingdom of Palu signed theKorte Verklaring (Short Agreement) with the colonial government.[17] Dutch ships began to sail frequently in the southern part of theGulf of Tomini after 1830.[18]
By the 19th century, most of the interior part of Central Sulawesi still remained unexplored. In 1860, a government official named Johannes Cornelis Wilhelmus Diedericus Adrianus van der Wyck, managed to visitLake Poso in 1865 – becoming the first European and Dutch to do so. This step was followed by another government official, Willem Jan Maria Michielsen, in 1869.[18] The proposal to occupy the Poso region was rejected – referring to the anti-expansion policies issued by the colonial government at that time.[19] It was not until 1888 that locals of the region began to establish relations with the government inBatavia through a short agreement signed by kings and local authorities, as an anticipatory measure against the possibility of the spread ofBritish political and economic influence in the region.[19]
During this period, Central Sulawesi was under the jurisdiction of Gorontalo Afdeling, based inGorontalo. G.W.W.C. Baron van Höevell, Gorontalo Resident Assistant, worried that the strong influence of Islam in Gorontalo would extend to the Central Sulawesi – which at that time the population was mostly are adheres toanimism or otherfolk religion. He contacted the Dutch missionary institution, theNederlandsch Zendeling Genootschap (NZG), and asked them to place a missionary in this area. In 1892, the NZG then sent a missionary namedAlbert Christian Kruyt, who was stationed in Poso. This step was continued in 1894, when the government appointed Eduard van Duyvenbode Varkevisser, as Controller or government official who would become a supervisor and regional leader in Poso.[20]
In 1905, parts of Poso Regency were involved in guerrilla rebellions against Dutch forces, as part of a coordinated Dutch military campaign to annex entire Sulawesi mainland. One of the famous military campaigns was the "pacification" of theKingdom of Mori in the Wulanderi War that took place in 1907.[citation needed] At the beginning of the 20th century, movements resisting the Dutch colonial rule started appearing. In addition to local movements, movements also based inJava entered. The first organization to establish a branch in Central Sulawesi was theSarekat Islam (SI), established in Buol Toli-Toli in 1916. Another organization that developed in this area was theIndonesian National Party (PNI) whose branch was established in Buol in 1928. Other organizations opened branches in Central Sulawesi areMuhammadiyah andIslamic Association Party of Indonesia.[21]
The resistance reached its peak on 25 January 1942. A group of resistance fighters led by I.D. Awuy captured government officials such as Controleur Toli-Toli De Hoof, Bestuur Assistant Resident Matata Daeng Masese, and Controleur Buol de Vries. On 1 February 1942, theIndonesian flag was raised for the first time in Toli-Toli. But this situation did not last long because a week later the Dutch troops staged a counter-attack and recaptured Tolitoli.[22]
Japanese forces landed inLuwuk on 15 May 1942.[23] The Japanese succeeded in expelling the Dutch and taking control of Central Sulawesi in just a short time. During theJapanese occupation, people's lives were increasingly depressed and the misery of all people's activities was only intended to support Japanese warfare. This situation lasted until Japansurrendered to theAllies and was followed by theproclamation of the independence of the Republic of Indonesia. At the beginning of independence, Central Sulawesi was part of the Sulawesi province.[24] The Dutch attempted to return to the region, resulting in abloody war between the Dutch and the Indonesian. After theDutch–Indonesian Round Table Conference, the Dutch recognize Indonesia and withdrew from the region.
The present Central Sulawesi was initially part ofNorth Sulawesi with the capital inManado, but was separated on 13 April 1964.[25]
Dutch missionary in Poso, Central Sulawesi. Poso and the surrounding area has a significant Christian population
Between 1999 and 2001 the region has been plagued by inter-religious violence between Muslims and Christians, where over 1,000 people were killed.[26] TheMalino II Accord was thus made in 2001. However, riots erupted again in September 2006 on the Christian dominated areas of Central Sulawesi, after theexecution by firing squad of three Roman Catholics convicted of leading Christian militants during the violence of the early first decade of the 21st century.[27] The riots appeared to be aimed at government authorities, not Muslims.[27]
In 2010,Abu Wardah, also known as Santoso, declared the formation of theEast Indonesia Mujahideen (Indonesian:Mujahidin Indonesia Timur -MIT) in the jungles of Poso. He aimed to topple the Indonesian government and create an Islamic State. The group has pledged allegiance to theIslamic State of Iraq and the Levant. Initially, MIT scores victory against the Indonesian government, killing many police and army personnel. In response, the government launchedOperation Tinombala, a joint police-armed force operation to destroy the group. Many insurgents were killed or captured during the ensuing operation. Santoso was killed on 18 July 2016 by the Indonesian police after two years of hiding in the jungles nearPoso, Central Sulawesi.[28]
On 28 September 2018, ashallow, large earthquake struck in the neck of theMinahasa Peninsula, with itsepicentre located in the mountainousDonggala Regency. Themagnitude 7.5 quake was located 77 km (48 mi) away from the provincial capitalPalu and was felt as far away asSamarinda onEast Kalimantan and also inTawau, Malaysia.[29] The 6.1 magnitude foreshock occurred at 15:00 local time while the 7.5 magnitude earthquake on the evening caused severe destruction in Palu City, Donggala Regency, and Sigi Regency, destroying hundreds of structures.[30] At least 2,256 people are confirmed dead after the disaster[31] and more than 10,000 others injured, of which 4,612 were seriously injured.[32] More than 70,000 houses are reported to be damaged, forcing tens of thousands of people to live in shelters and tents.[33]
Theequator that crosses the northern peninsula in Central Sulawesi makes the climate of this region tropical. However, it is different fromJava andBali and parts ofSumatra, the rainy season in Central Sulawesi between April and September while the dry season between October and March. The average rainfall ranges from 800 to 3,000 millimeters per year which includes the lowest rainfall in Indonesia.
Temperatures range from 25 to 31 °C for terrain and beaches with a humidity level of 71 to 76%. In mountainous regions temperatures can reach 16 to 22 'Celsius.
Central Sulawesi also has several rivers, including the Lariang River as a rafting arena, Gumbasa River and Palu River. There is also two lakes that are tourist attractions, namely Lake Poso and Lake Lindu. Central Sulawesi has several conservation areas such as nature reserves, wildlife reserves and protected forests that have unique flora and fauna which are also objects of research for scientists and naturalists.
Sulawesi is a unique border zone in the Asia Oceania region, where the flora and fauna differ greatly from the Asian flora and fauna that stretches across Asia with theBorneo border, also different from the Oceania flora and fauna in Australia toNew Guinea andTimor. The virtual line that limits this zone is called theWallace Line, while the peculiarities of flora and fauna are calledWallacea, because this theory was put forward byAlfred Wallace, a British researcher who helped find the theory of evolution withCharles Darwin.[34]
Sulawesi has its own flora and fauna. The island's unique animals are buffalo-likeanoa,babirusa which are slightly hairy and have fangs in their mouths, tertiary,Tonkean monkeys, colorful Sulawesi marsupial cuscus which are varieties of marsupials and maleo birds that lay eggs on hot sand.
Sulawesi's forest also has its own characteristics, dominated by agatis wood which is different from the Great Sunda which is dominated by areca nut (Rhododendron species). The variety of flora and fauna is the object of scientific research and study. To protect flora and fauna, national parks and nature reserves have been established such asLore Lindu National Park, Morowali Nature Reserve, Tanjung Api Nature Reserve and finally the Bangkiriang Wildlife Reserve.
From its creation in 1964, Central Sulawesi Province was composed of four regencies (kabupaten) -Donggala,Buol Toli-Toli (itself recently split off from the northern part of Donggala Regency on 4 July 1959),Poso andBanggai, but on 22 July 1994 theCity of Palu was separated from Donggala Regency to be constituted as a regency-level independent city. On 4 October 1999 three additional regencies were created -Morowali from part of Poso Regency,Buol from part of Buol Toli-Toli, andBanggai Islands from part of Banggai Regency. Five further regencies were later created -Parigi Moutong on 10 April 2002 from part of Donggala Regency,Tojo Una-Una on 18 December 2003 from part of Poso Regency,Sigi on 24 June 2008 from part of Donggala Regency,Banggai Sea on 14 December 2012 from part of Banggai Islands Regency, andNorth Morowali on 12 April 2013 from part of Morowali Regency. Central Sulawesi is thus now divided into twelveregencies and onecity (kota), which are listed below with their areas and their populations at the 2000, 2010[35] and 2020[36] Censuses, together with the official estimates as at mid 2023.[1]
Notes: (a) The 2000 Census populations for Parigi Moutong Regency and Sigi Regency are included in the figure for Donggala Regency. (b) the province's BPS figure for Sigi Regency at the 2020 Census was 257,585 as shown, but the regency's BPS own figure for that Census was only 239,421. (c) The 2000 Census population for Tojo Una-Una Regency is included in the figure for Poso Regency. (d) The 2000 Census population for Banggai Laut Regency is included in the figure for Banggai Kepulauan Regency. (e) The 2000 Census population for Morowali Utara Regency is included in the figure for Morowali Regency.
The province forms one of Indonesia's 84 national electoral districts to elect members to thePeople's Representative Council. TheCentral Sulawesi Electoral District consists of all of the 12 regencies in the province, together with the city of Palu, and elects 7 members to the People's Representative Council.[38]
In addition to these nineteen ethnic groups, there are several tribes living in mountainous areas such as the Da'a tribe in Donggala and Sigi, the Wana tribe in Morowali, the Seasea tribe and the Taa tribe in Banggai and the Daya tribe in Buol and Tolitoli. Although the people of Central Sulawesi have around 22 languages that differ from one ethnic group to another, people can communicate with each other using theIndonesian Language as a national language and the language of instruction every day.[39]
Besides its indigenous people, Central Sulawesi is also inhabited by transmigrants such asJava,Bali,West Nusa Tenggara andEast Nusa Tenggara. The immigrant groups from the southern half of Sulawesi, who also inhabit the area of Central Sulawesi since the early 19th century, are Mandar, Bugis, Makassar, Toraja and other ethnic groups in Indonesia, and have blended in.
As in other places in Indonesia,Indonesian is the official language used in Central Sulawesi.[40] Indonesian is used in inter-ethnic communication as well as official documents released by the provincial government as well as road signs. The people of Central Sulawesi have around 22 languages that differ from one ethnic group to another, such asKaili,Pamona,Banggai, etc. All of these languages fall into theAustronesian peoples subgroup.
Most of the inhabitants of Central Sulawesi practiceIslam. Recorded in the 2015 census, 76.37% of the population practiced Islam, 16.58% practicedProtestantism, 4.45% practicedHinduism,Roman Catholicism as much as 1.85%, andBuddhism as much as 0.74%.[42]
Islam was spread in Central Sulawesi byDatuk Karama andDatuk Mangaji, scholars ofWest Sumatra; which was then forwarded by Al Alimul Allamah Al-Habib As Sayyed Idrus bin Salim Al Djufri, a teacher at the Alkhairaat school and also proposed as a national hero.[43][44] One of his grandchildren namedSalim Assegaf Al Jufri was a former Indonesian Minister of Social Affairs.
Christianity was first spread in the Poso district and the southern part of Donggala by Dutchmissionaries such asAlbertus Christiaan Kruyt. Although the majority of the people of Central Sulawesi are Muslim, the level of religious tolerance is very high and a strong spirit of mutual cooperation is part of people's lives.[45]
Central Sulawesi is rich in culture inherited from generation to generation. Traditions concerning aspects of life are preserved in people's daily lives. Old beliefs are cultural heritage that are maintained and carried out in several forms with various modern influences and religious influences.
Because many ethnic groups inhabit Central Sulawesi, there are also many differences between these ethnic groups which are harmonious peculiarities in society. Those who live on the western coast ofDonggala Regency have mixed withBugis people fromSouth Sulawesi and the people ofGorontalo. In the eastern part ofSulawesi, there are also strong influences fromGorontalo andManado, seen from theLuwuk regional dialect and from the distribution of theGorontaloan people in Bualemo Regency, where it is quite dominant.
There are also influences fromWest Sumatra as seen in the wedding ceremony decorations.Donggala Regency has a tradition of weaving fabrics inherited from Hindu times. Weaving centers are in Donggala Kodi, Watusampu, Palu, Tawaeli and Banawa. Double tie weaving systems, which are special techniques patterned inBali,India and Japan, can still be found.
Barkcloth dress of Lore Bada people in Lore Valley, Poso Regency
While the mountain tribes has its own culture that is much influenced by theToraja people inSouth Sulawesi. However, tradition, customs, clothing models and house architecture are different from Toraja, as an example is that they use banyan skin as body-warmer clothes. The traditional Central Sulawesi house is made of poles and wooden walls that have thatched roofs and only have one large space. Lobo or duhunga is a shared space or hall that is used for festivals or ceremonies, while Tambi is a residence. Apart from the house, there is also a rice barn called Gampiri.
Buya or sarong like a European model, up to the waist and keraba, a kind of blouse equipped with gold thread. The rope or crown on the head is thought to be the influence of the European empire. The banjara shirt embroidered with gold thread is a men's shirt that is up to knee length. Silk dressers or sarongs stretching along the chest to shoulders, colorful crowns of heads and machetes slipped around the waist complement traditional clothing.[46]
Music and dance in Central Sulawesi varies between regions. Traditional music has instruments such asGongs,kakula, lalove and jimbe. This musical instrument functions more as entertainment and not as part of religious rituals. In the Kaili ethnic area around the west coast – Waino – traditional music – is displayed when there is a death ceremony. This art has been developed in a more popular form for young people as a means of finding partners in a crowd. Many dances come from religious beliefs and are displayed during festivals.[citation needed]
The famous community dance is Dero from the Pamona people,Poso Regency and then followed by the Kulawi people,Donggala Regency.[47] Special dero dances are displayed during the harvest season, guest welcoming ceremonies, thanksgiving and certain holidays. Dero is a dance where men and women hold hands and form a circle. This dance is not an ancestral inheritance but was a habit during the Japanese occupation of Indonesia during World War II. This dance is a traditional dance from Central Sulawesi.
The typical Central Sulawesi cuisine has its own characteristics, food in Central Sulawesi is known for its spicy taste and sour taste, because the most basic temperament is the result of a lot of nature around Central Sulawesi. The most commonly found fruit ismango. Even though the staple food is the same as most Indonesian people, namelyrice, for complementary foods there are various kinds oftubers,papaya,mango,banana andguava.[48]
One of the most famous dish that is originated from Central Sulawesi isKaledo, which originated fromDonggala Regency. Kaledo is a traditionalcow's trotters soup served in spicybroth. This soup is often consumed withsteamed rice orsweet potatoes, using the usual utensils that consist of spoon, fork, and occasionally knife; and also additionally using straw, used to sip out the marrow inside of the bones. The broth itself was often served with sliced lime, in order to give sour freshness in otherwise quite oily soup.[49]
Kapurung is a dish originated from Palu that is made fromsago. The cooked sago is then doused with a yellow sauce made from fish broth, vegetables, mango slices, and shrimp meat.Milu Siram or also known asBinte biluhuta is corn soup with fish and shrimp which also originated from Palu.Lalampa is a typical Palu snack that is similar tolemper. However, the difference is the filling of these foods,Lalampa is usually filled withSkipjack tuna. Other typical Palu snacks besidesLalampa areLabia dange orsago dange. This particular snack is made from sago cooked using a skillet and clay furnace. Usually eaten with processed brown sugar or with fish, this food has a savory and crunchy taste.[citation needed]
Central Sulawesi is also famed for its coffee industry. Central Sulawesi consists of 12 regencies and 1 city. Of the 13 autonomous regions, only the city ofPalu does not have a coffee plantation. In Central Sulawesi, Sigi and Poso Regencies are areas that have the longest history of coffee. Coffee gardens in this area have been planted since the era of Dutch colonialism. Gradually, the spread of coffee plants expanded to the area ofLore Lindu National Park, Kulawi, Pipikoro, Palolo and the valley around the Poso area. The most productive coffee-producing area is inPoso but the most extensive coffee plantation area is inSigi. While Donggala does not have a very large area but the coffee produced is also quite a lot.Donggala Regency has local coffee known as Kopi Sojol. This coffee is planted in the mountainous area of 3,226 meters above sea level. This area is suitable for plantingarabica type of coffee which usually grows in cool highlands. But overall, Central Sulawesi is arobusta coffee producer. In the town of Pipikoro in Sigi Regency, there is coffee named kopi toratima. This unique coffee is a natural fermented product of bats, rats and squirrels. The difference withkopi luwak is that kopi toratima is not fermented in the digestive system of animals. Because it is traditionally processed, in general Central Sulawesi coffee has a unique taste character. The aroma bursts strong while the taste of the coffee is slightly savory. This special coffee flavor makes the people of Central Sulawesi proud of their local coffee.[50]
The development of the agricultural sector is very dominant. Various programs and activities have been carried out to overcome the impact of the economic crisis and have been able to increase the production and export of several leading commodities even though overall they have not provided added value in increasing the income and welfare of the farming community. Rice fields according to the irrigation system can be distinguished, including technical irrigatedrice fields with an area of 54,314 ha, semi-technical irrigation with an area of 36,241 ha, simple irrigation with an area of 13,410 ha, village irrigation with an area of 22,929 ha and technical non-irrigated rice fields of 23,518 ha.
From this land area the amount of paddy production produced each year reaches 726,714 tons/ha. The palawija, horticulture and vegetable land area is 57,320 ha, the fruit area is 14,029.92 ha and the medicinal land is 667,272 ha. the amount of production produced from secondary crops includescorn with a total production of 67,617 tons/ha,tomato production amounting to 58,260 tons/ha,turnip production of 48,300 tons/ha,cassava production of 48,255 tons/ha,shallots production amounted to 44,960 tons/ha andeggplant production amounted to 32,490 tons/ha.
Fruit plants, the amount of production produced includes 21,036 tons/ha oftangerine, 18,890 tons/ha ofsquash, 3,763 tons/ha ofjackfruit, 3,123 tons/ha ofdurian, and 2,887 tons/ha ofbanana.[51]
Thengalena associated withzinc, spread inTolitoli Regency, especially in the Dondo and Galang Subdistrict with a reserve potential of around 100 million tons, at levels below 35 percent with an area of over 1,500 hectares. Galena spread also exists in Buol District, Bunobogu and Paleleh Subdistricts with reserves of around 56 million tons at levels above 45 percent. Furthermore, inDonggala andParigi Moutong, this type of mineral was also found. The potential forgold minerals in Parigi Moutong,Buol, Banggai, Poso to Palu City. In Buol, the potential for gold is available in Lintidu Village, Paleleh District and Lokodoka Mountains in Bulagidun District. It is estimated that reserves of around 15 million tons are combined with gold and copper.
Furthermore, the potential of chromite orchromium ore is found inPoso Regency, Lage District with a chromium seed reserve of around 67 thousand tons. Other potentials are spread in Morowali Regency, Bungku Utara District, Bungku Tengah and Bungku Barat. The potential of copper minerals, spread in the Bulagidun area, Bunobogu District, in the Paleleh mountains, withcopper ore potential of around 14.4 million tons, and copper metals around 87,840 tons. The next potential of molybdenum found in the mountains west of Malala Village, Dondo Subdistrict, Tolitoli Regency, is in porphyry sediment veins of quartz diorite, with thicknesses varying from 4 to 20 centimeters, at depths above 200 meters. It is estimated that the potential of Molybdenum seeds is around 85 million tons. Other potentials areironsand,hematite andmagnetite blocks, located along the Ulubongka coastline, with rates below 50 percent. This mineral is also found in the titanium-mixed Buol Regency, on the shore of Timbulon Bunobogu-Oyak.
Furthermore, in Morowali Regency, black sand can also be found along the coast of Topogaro, West Bungu Subdistrict with levels between 51 and 69 percent. ThenHematite minerals are found in Buol District on Bukit Paleleh Tua, Paleleh District. This mineral was also discovered at the Kamonji River, Malei Village, Balaesang District, Tanjung Manimbaya, Donggala Regency. Then theManganese minerals can be found in South Tinombo District, Parigi Moutong District and Masewe Village, South Pamona District, Poso District.[52]
Development of an area that has conformity to fisheries characteristics, taking into account slope factors below 8 percent and adequate water supply with a potential of ponds covering an area of 42,095.15 ha which is processed 11.3 percent, potential for freshwater cultivation covering 134,183.3 hectares treated 5.8 percent, consisting of 48,458 hectares oflakes, 12,275 hectares ofswamps and 10,195 hectares ofrivers.
The potential of marine waters covering 193,923.75 km2 which contains many types of fish and other marine biota is divided into 3 (three) zones, namely (1)Makassar Strait andSulawesi Sea (amounting to 929,700 tons), (2)Gulf of Tomini (595,620 tons ), (3)Tolo Bay (amounting to 68,456 tons). The potential of fish resources in these waters is approximately 330,000 tons per year. While fish that can be managed sustainably are around 214,000 tons per year. In Tolo Bay there are 68,000 tons per year, Tomini Bay 78,000 tons per year, Makassar Strait and Sulawesi Sea 68,000 tons per year. From the potential of sustainable fish, the number of fish that can be caught is 217,280 tons per year.[53]
There are 7 major airports in Central Sulawesi, located inAmpana,Buol,Luwuk,Morowali,Palu,Poso andTolitoli respectively, as well as small airstrips. Of these seven major airports,Mutiara SIS Al-Jufrie Airport in Palu is the largest one, serving as the main gateway to the capital city as well as the whole province. The airport serves flights to and from other major cities in Indonesia, such as Jakarta, Surabaya, Makassar, etc.
The geographical location of Central Sulawesi makes it has a variety of natural attractions, from sea tourism, river tourism, mountain tourism, forest tourism.
Lake Poso is the third largest lake in Indonesia and has a length of about 32 km and a width of 16 km, with a depth of almost 195 meters. Lake Poso, whose water is very clear, is surrounded by hills and forests and is located in Poso Regency. On Lake Poso there is a stretch of white sand covering the banks of the lake, white sand which is commonly found on the beach.
Lore Lindu National Park is located about 60 kilometers south of the city of Palu. The Lore Lindu National Park area is the largest native mammal habitat in Sulawesi.Anoa,babirusa,deer,Spectral tarsier,Tonkean macaque, and the largest meat-eating animals in Sulawesi,Sulawesi palm civet live in this park. Lore Lindu National Park also has at least 5 types of squirrels and 31 of 38 species of mice, including endemic species. There are at least 55 types of bats and more than 230 species of birds, including themaleo, 2 species ofSulawesi hornbills. Thousands of insects can be seen around this park. Worth observing are striking colored butterflies that fly around the park as well as along the paths and streams. Megalithic statues that are hundreds or thousands of years old are scattered in the Lore Lindu National Park areas such as Napu Valley, Besoa and Bada. These statues are the best stone monuments among similar statues in Indonesia.
Lutungan Island is one of the main tourist attractions in Tolitoli Regency.[citation needed] The island has white sand beaches and marine parks with a variety of coral reefs and fish species. Apart from having a natural panorama, this island has historical value, because there is the tomb of the King of Toli-Toli named Syaefudin Bantilan this island. The Tolitoli community knows it as Tando Kanau (Tanjung Enau), because the island's peninsula was once filled with palm trees. There various activities on Luntungan Island, such as snorkeling, diving, swimming, also enjoying the sunset and sunrise. Aside from being a tourist destination, these tourists are often visited by tourists in search of blessings. By plugging in the coconut midrib and pulling it out. If the midrib is short, the request will not come true.
The Sombori Islands in the southeast ofMorowali, Central Sulawesi, are tourist attractions as well as conservation areas. Sombori Island which has an area of about 41,340 ha, has a spot called Tebing Kahyangan, which is a point to enjoy the natural panorama of the islands from a height, as well as cool photo spots. The view seen from the height of Tebing Kahyangan is very similar toRaja Ampat inWest Papua. Other activities that can be done are island hopping or exploring the island, snorkeling and diving, and also playing on the beach.[56]
The Togean Islands in Central Sulawesi, are made of 56 islands, and known internationally for exceptional diving spots, a wide variety of endemic species, and eco-tourism destinations. At the southern point, those islands are bordered byBuka Buka Island,[57] home to one of the most popular resorts of the regions, calledReconnect,[58] which recently gained international and national attention.
^abProyek Penelitian dan Pencatatan Kebudayaan Daerah (1977).Adat Istiadat Daerah Sulawesi Tengah. Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Indonesia. pp. 19–21.
^Law No. 7/2017 (UU No. 7 Tahun 2017) as amended by Government Regulation in Lieu of Law No. 1/2022 and Regulation of General Elections Commission No. 6/2023.
^"Jumlah Penduduk Menurut Agama" (in Indonesian).Ministry of Religious Affairs. 31 August 2022. Retrieved29 October 2023.Muslim 241 Million (87), Christianity 29.1 Million (10.5), Hindu 4.69 million (1.7), Buddhist 2.02 million (0.7), Folk, Confucianism, and others 192.311 (0.1), Total 277.749.673 Million
Henley, David (2005).Fertility, food and fever : population, economy and environment in North and Central Sulawesi, 1600-1930. Leiden: KITLV Press.ISBN978-9-0671-8209-6.
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