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Central European Football League

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
European American football league
"CEFL" redirects here. For the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages, seeCEFRL.

Central European Football League
Current season, competition or edition:
Current sports event2025
FormerlySoutheast European League of American Football (SELAF)
SportAmerican football
Founded2005; 21 years ago (2005)
First season2006
No. of teams12
Country Europe
Formerly:
 Serbia
 Slovenia
 Hungary
 Austria
 Slovakia
 Turkey
 Croatia
 Bosnia and Herzegovina
Most recent
champion
Thonon Black Panthers (2025)
Most titlesBelgrade Vukovi (6 titles)
BroadcasterSport Klub
Official websiteeuropean-league.com

TheCentral European Football League (CEFL) is a European organization ofAmerican football which hosts two international competitions, CEFL Championship and CEFL Cup. The final game of the CEFL Championship playoffs is dubbed CEFL Bowl.

Until the formation of the CEFL Cup in 2017 the name of the organization was synonymous with its flagship competition – CEFL Championship, or simply "the league". Initially named Southeast European League of American Football (SELAF) it featured teams from Serbia and Slovenia in its introductory 2006 season. The following year teams from other countries joined ranks and the name was changed to the current one before the 2008 season. First 4 seasons of the league were played during the spring and autumn, with a month-and-a-half to a three-month summer break. Starting from 2010 season the competition takes place during the spring. Over its existence, the league was played intermittently by teams from: Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Czechia, Denmark, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland and Turkey.

History

[edit]

2006

[edit]

The inaugural season featured a total of five teams:Belgrade Vukovi,Kragujevac Wild Boars,Novi Sad Dukes andSirmium Legionaries from Serbia, as well asLjubljana Silverhawks from Slovenia.

The first ever league champions were Wild Boars who beat Vukovi 23–12 in SELAF Bowl, played on FK Radnički stadium inBelgrade on 8 October.

2007

[edit]

The second season was already a season of expansion for the league with two new teams. Joining the league were the top Hungarian team,Budapest Wolves, andCNC Gladiators, then of Austrian Division I (Austria 2nd highest level). Meanwhile, the Legionaries have left the competition. For the first time teams were split into two conferences: North and South. North Conference consisted of Gladiators, Silverhawks and Wolves and South Conference included three Serbian teams: Dukes, Vukovi and Wild Boars.

The final game was named CEFL Bowl II and took place on theAda Ciganlija stadium in Belgrade on 27 October, with the title won by Vukovi after beating Wolves 28–27 in a dramatic fashion.

That season was also the first in which the league made it to television: the semifinal and the bowl game were broadcast on Serbian nationally coveredTV Avala.

2008

[edit]

The league changed its name to Central European Football League and the third season featured three new teams from three different countries:Bratislava Monarchs from Slovakia,Budapest Cowboys from Hungary andZagreb Thunder from Croatia, while the Wild Boars did not return. The Cowboys and Thunder joined the South Conference, also filling the vacant spot made with the departure of the Wild Boars, while the Monarchs were placed in the North Conference.

In CEFL Bowl III, CNC Gladiators from Austria's 2nd highest level league beat Vukovi 14–8 at theVienna Vikings' Ravelin football center inVienna on 25 October.

2009

[edit]

In the 2009 season,Cineplexx Blue Devils of Austria replaced the non-returning Monarchs. They joined a newly formed conference with Thunder, Vukovi and Wolves. The other conference consisted of 2008 champions, Gladiators, along with Cowboys, Dukes and Silverhawks.

The bowl game was again played on the Ada Ciganlija stadium in Belgrade on 24 October, with Vukovi reclaiming the title after beating Blue Devils 39–20.

The season was also a considerable milestone for the league, as multiple league games have been televised on a trans-European channelSport Klub.

2010

[edit]

The league changed format again in 2010, with the Turkish national championIstanbul Cavaliers joining the league and Cowboys, Gladiators and Thunder not returning. Cavaliers were scheduled to play Blue Devils in the newly formed wild card cup, with the winner taking the final playoff spot.

The bowl game was played inIvančna Gorica, Slovenia on 18 July, where Vukovi beat Silverhawks 42–20 to become the league champions once again.

2011

[edit]

In the 2011 season the league saw the departure of Blue Devils and Dukes. Competition consisted of four teams, which were all national champions of their respective countries.

The title was again claimed by the Vukovi who beat the Wolves 34–33 in yet another dramatic bowl game between these two teams played onMargaret Island Athletic Center in Budapest on 23 July.

2012

[edit]

Croatian top teamZagreb Patriots joined the league and Blue Devils rejoined, while Cavaliers departed. The league was renamed to Sport Klub CEFL after its main sponsor and had multiple league games broadcast on Sport Klub television channels.

CEFL Bowl VII was played on Ada Ciganlija stadium in Belgrade on 21 July, where the Silverhawks won their first title after beating the Vukovi 34–21.

2013

[edit]

In 2013, the league has seen the return of one of its original teams, Kragujevac Wild Boars.[1] Blue Devils and Patriots have left the league.

The bowl game was again played on Ada Ciganlija stadium in Belgrade on 7 July, with Vukovi reclaiming the title after the most convincing bowl game win over Wild Boars 42–0.

2014

[edit]

The 2014 season was again played with the same four teams: Budapest Wolves from Hungary, Belgrade Vukovi and Kragujevac Wild Boars from Serbia, and Ljubljana Silverhawks from Slovenia.

CEFL Bowl IX was played in Ivančna Gorica on 20 July, where Vukovi won the title beating Silverhawks 27–17.[2]

2015

[edit]

The 2015 season was once again played with four teams. Belgrade Vukovi and Ljubljana Silverhawks have extended their membership, accompanied by two returning teamsNovi Sad Dukes from Serbia and theCineplexx Blue Devils from Austria. Kragujevac Wild Boars and Budapest Docler Wolves have left the league.[3]

CEFL Bowl X was played on FK Kabel stadium in Novi Sad on 5 July, where Dukes took their first trophy by beating Vukovi in a nailbiter 25–23.

2016

[edit]

The 2016 season marked the expansion of the CEFL with 12 teams. Member teams from last year were joined by new additionsBudapest Cowbells from Hungary andGraz Giants from Austria, whileZagreb Patriots from Croatia returned to the fold. FormerAlpe Adria Football League teams joined as well. Those were:Domžale Tigers andKranjAlp Devils from Slovenia,Niš Imperatori andInđija Indians from Serbia, andSarajevo Spartans from Bosnia and Herzegovina.

CEFL Bowl XI was played on ASKÖ Stadium in Graz on 3 July, where Giants won the trophy by outgunning Vukovi 52–49 in another cliffhanger.

2017

[edit]

CEFL Championship continued to gain traction. Problems withIFAF leadership which started the year before lead to the discontinuation ofIFAF Europe Champions League competition. Some of its team members joined CEFL Championship, while the Northern teams formed the Northern European Football League (NEFL). The Raiders Tirol left theBIG6 and joined the CEFL, too. CEFL Championship was composed of two conferences:

This year the league also introduced CEFL Cup, played in two conferences as a developmental competition:

  • Western Conference: Kranj Alp Devils, Sarajevo Spartans, Zagreb Patriots
  • Eastern Conference: Novi Sad GAT Dukes, Inđija Indians, Sirmium Legionaries,Belgrade Blue Dragons[5]

CEFL Bowl XII was played at the Tivoli stadium in Innsbruck on 10 June, where Swarco Raiders overpowered Kragujevac Wild Boars 55–20. CEFL Cup finals were played the same day in Kranj, the home of Alp Devils who were shutout by Novi Sad Gat Dukes 0–59.

2018

[edit]

Most prominent season in organization's existence. CEFL Championship was played by 6 champions: 5 national and a returning CEFL Bowl XII winner. It was made possible by two new additions,Prague Black Panthers from Czechia in the Western Conference andMoscow Patriots from Russia in the Eastern, while Cowbells, Razorbacks and Vukovi exited.

CEFL Cup was transformed into a cup competition for high-level teams and featured four participants. Vukovi, who left the Championship and Cowbells, Hungarian champions, were former CEFL members. Two national vice-champion teams were added to membership:Seahawks Gdynia from Poland and Sakarya Tatankalari from Turkey.

CEFL Bowl XIII was again played on the Tivoli stadium in Innsbruck on 9 June, where Swarco Raiders defended the title by beating Koç Rams 49–20. CEFL Cup finals took place the following day on the BASK stadium in Belgrade, where Vukovi beat Seahawks 55–41.

The Superfinal game between CEFL and NEFL champions was played on 30 June atGentofte Sportspark inCopenhagen, where Swarco Raiders beatCopenhagen Towers 45–20 to claim the title.

2019

[edit]

This year the organization has surpassed all of its previous seasons. CEFL Championship participants hailed from 7 countries. Five of them were national champions, including the current standing two-time CEFL Bowl winners, and the other 2 were vice-champions. Newcomers from previous season have exited the Championship, and there were 3 new additions.Thonon Black Panthers andMilan Seamen formed the Western Conference together with Swarco Raiders.Calanda Broncos reinforced the Eastern Conference with Kragujevac Wild Boars and Koç Rams, and Panthers Wrocław were relocated to it.

CEFL Cup doubled its membership to eight top-level teams. Previous season's additions have departed, and the newcomers were Italian league finalistsBolzano Giants, Russian championsMoscow Spartans, Romanian championsBucharest Rebels, and Turkish Istanbul İTÜ Hornets, while Hungarian champions Budapest Wolves and Russian runners-up Moscow Patriots returned to CEFL flock.

CEFL Bowl XIV was played in Chur, Switzerland on 8 June between Calanda Broncos and Swarco Raiders. This very exciting duel went to Swarco Raiders in the final seconds, and they triumphed by 46–42. Another excitement followed a day later in Bolzano Italy, where Moscow Spartans outlasted Bolzano Giants 15–14.

ECTC finals, a successor of the Superfinals, were played at the Tivoli stadium in Innsbruck, where twoAustrian Football League teams played the final where the Swarco Raiders conqueredVienna Vikings with a 35–10 score.

2020

[edit]

In 2020, 12 teams (10 national champions and 2 vice-champions) should have participated in the 15th CEFL season: Swarco Raiders, Vienna Vikings, Calanda Broncos, Wroclaw Panthers, Thonon Black Panthers, Milan Seamen, Copenhagen Towers, Badalona Dracs, Stockholm Mean Machines, Kragujevac Wild Boars, Koc Rams, and Moscow Spartans.[6] The season was ultimately cancelled due to theCOVID-19 pandemic.

2021

[edit]

After taking 2020 off due to theCOVID-19 pandemic, CEFL announced its return for 2021, with a tournament that, for the first time ever, will feature a team from theGerman Football League. The tournament was initially supposed to feature 11 teams from 10 countries, including 8 national champions.[7] However, some of the extendedpandemic lockdowns have forced some teams to withdraw, and CEFL decided to start the tournament with only 8 teams.[8] TheSchwäbisch Hall Unicorns won the title in the first year they participated with a last second victory over theRaiders Tirol.

Quarterfinals
15 – 29 May
Semifinals
29 May – 13 June
CEFL Bowl
26 June
      
GermanySchwäbisch Hall Unicorns35[A]
SwedenCarlstad Crusaders0
GermanySchwäbisch Hall Unicorns[B]35
SwitzerlandCalanda Broncos21
SwitzerlandCalanda Broncos35[A]
HungaryFehérvár Enthroners0
GermanySchwäbisch Hall Unicorns22
AustriaSwarco Raiders Tirol16
AustriaSwarco Raiders Tirol41
ItalyMilano Seamen14
AustriaSwarco Raiders Tirol20
AustriaVienna Vikings13
AustriaVienna Vikings82
SerbiaKragujevac Wild Boars7

Source:european-league.com

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^abGame was cancelled because of travel issues due to theCOVID-19 pandemic
  2. ^Host changed because of travel issues due to theCOVID-19 pandemic

2022

[edit]

On 22 December 2021, the CEFL announced that the 2022 season would expand the cup tournament format to four rounds. Thirteen teams were invited, with nine national champions among the invitations, along with the defending CEFL Champions.[9] The Unicorns defended their title.

First roundSecond roundSemifinalsCEFL Bowl XVI
        
FranceLa Courneuve Flash49
SpainBadalona Dracs7
FranceLa Courneuve Flash45
FranceThonon Black Panthers27
SpainLas Rozas Black Demons6
FranceThonon Black Panthers12
FranceLa Courneuve Flash21
GermanySchwäbisch Hall Unicorns35
SwedenÖrebro Black Knights56
DenmarkCopenhagen Towers25
SwedenÖrebro Black Knights7
GermanySchwäbisch Hall Unicorns58
GermanySchwäbisch Hall Unicorns42
ItalyParma Panthers17
AustriaDanube Dragons35
SerbiaBelgrade Vukovi21
AustriaDanube Dragons10
ItalyParma Panthers21
ItalyParma Panthers21
SwitzerlandCalanda Broncos9
RussiaMoscow Spartans0
HungaryBudapest Wolves35[a]
HungaryBudapest Wolves28
SwitzerlandCalanda Broncos35
  1. ^Game canceled due to the2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Wolves advance to the next round

2023

[edit]

In the 2023 season, 12 teams entered the competition. With theKuopio Steelers the first Finnish team to play in the CEFL. The two French clubsThonon Black Panthers andLa Courneuve Flash made it to the final. In the semi finals, the Black Panthers defeated two times titleholderSchwäbisch Hall Unicorns, while Flash won over the second participant of last season's bowl game,Parma Panthers. In the CEFL Bowl, Flash succeeded with a 26–21 victory over the national rival.

First roundSecond roundSemifinalsCEFL Bowl XVII
        
SwedenStockholm Mean Machines31
FinlandKuopio Steelers28
SwedenStockholm Mean Machines27
GermanySchwäbisch Hall Unicorns29
GermanySchwäbisch Hall Unicorns14
FranceThonon Black Panthers42
SwitzerlandCalanda Broncos35
FranceThonon Black Panthers38
FranceThonon Black Panthers27
ItalyGuelfi Firenze14
FranceThonon Black Panthers21
FranceLa Courneuve Flash26
SpainLas Rozas Black Demons22
SpainRivas Osos13
SpainLas Rozas Black Demons14
FranceLa Courneuve Flash25
FranceLa Courneuve Flash26
ItalyParma Panthers21
SerbiaSBB Vukovi Beograd48
HungaryBudapest Wolves38
SerbiaSBB Vukovi Beograd10
ItalyParma Panthers28

2024

[edit]

In the 2024 season, again 12 teams entered the competition. The British national league had its first representative in the CEFL with theManchester Titans and an Austrian team returned to the competition after being absent in 2023.[10] The French teams from Thonon and La Courneuve both lost their semi final games againstDanube Dragons from theAustrian Football League andCalanda Broncos from Switzerland. It was the Broncos second appearance in an CEFL Bowl. The Dragons won the CEFL Bowl championship defeating the Broncos 27–14 in Chur, Switzerland.

First roundSecond roundSemifinalsCEFL Bowl XVIII
        
AustriaGraz Giants21
SerbiaKragujevac Wild Boars6
AustriaGraz Giants6
FranceThonon Black Panthers30
FranceThonon Black Panthers7
AustriaDanube Dragons12
ItalyGuelfi Firenze37
SerbiaSBB Vukovi Beograd27
ItalyGuelfi Firenze20
AustriaDanube Dragons45
AustriaDanube Dragons27
SwitzerlandCalanda Broncos14
SwedenStockholm Mean Machines42
EnglandManchester Titans14
SwedenStockholm Mean Machines33
FranceLa Courneuve Flash34
FranceLa Courneuve Flash0
SwitzerlandCalanda Broncos14
SwitzerlandCalanda Broncos33
DenmarkCopenhagen Towers10
SwitzerlandCalanda Broncos34
ItalyParma Panthers20

2025

[edit]

In the 2025 season, the competition starts on April 26.[11]

First roundSecond roundSemifinalsCEFL Bowl XIX
        
SerbiaSBB Vukovi Beograd12
SerbiaKragujevac Wild Boars48
SwitzerlandCalanda Broncos49
SerbiaKragujevac Wild Boars0
SwitzerlandCalanda Broncos17
PolandWarsaw Eagles7
GermanySchwäbisch Hall Unicorns16
PolandWarsaw Eagles22
SwedenStockholm Mean Machines21
PolandWarsaw Eagles40
SwitzerlandCalanda Broncos21
FranceThonon Black Panthers28
FranceThonon Black Panthers41
SpainBadalona Dracs17
FranceThonon Black Panthers28
SwedenCarlstad Crusaders26
SwedenCarlstad Crusaders37
NorwayEidsvoll 1814s0
SwedenCarlstad Crusaders35
EnglandBristol Aztecs0
EnglandBristol Aztecs46
NetherlandsAmsterdam Crusaders7

CEFL Bowls

[edit]
YearHost cityHomeResultVisitorMVP (winning team player)
2006SELAF Bowl ISerbiaBelgradeSerbiaBelgrade Vukovi12–23SerbiaKragujevac Wild BoarsMarko Obradović
2007SELAF Bowl IISerbiaBelgradeSerbiaBelgrade Vukovi28–27HungaryBudapest WolvesPavle Tasić
2008CEFL Bowl IIIAustriaViennaAustriaCNC Gladiators14–8SerbiaBelgrade VukoviPeter de Gouw
2009CEFL Bowl IVSerbiaBelgradeSerbiaBelgrade Vukovi39–20AustriaCineplexx Blue DevilsJordan Green
2010CEFL Bowl VSloveniaIvančna GoricaSloveniaLjubljana Silverhawks20–42SerbiaBelgrade VukoviBrandon McDowell
2011CEFL Bowl VIHungaryBudapestHungaryBudapest Wolves33–34SerbiaBelgrade VukoviVinnie Miroth
2012CEFL Bowl VIISerbiaBelgradeSerbiaBelgrade Vukovi21–34SloveniaLjubljana SilverhawksAnthony Gardner
2013CEFL Bowl VIIISerbiaBelgradeSerbiaBelgrade Vukovi42–0SerbiaKragujevac Wild BoarsMihailo Josović
2014CEFL Bowl IXSloveniaIvančna GoricaSloveniaLjubljana Silverhawks17–27SerbiaBelgrade VukoviShaun Rutherford
2015CEFL Bowl XSerbiaNovi SadSerbiaNovi Sad Dukes25–23[12]SerbiaBelgrade VukoviWilliam Powell
2016CEFL Bowl XIAustriaGrazAustriaGraz Giants52–49[13]SerbiaBelgrade VukoviMoritz Profant
2017CEFL Bowl XIIAustriaInnsbruckAustriaSwarco Raiders Tirol55–20[14]SerbiaKragujevac Wild BoarsSean Shelton
2018CEFL Bowl XIIIAustriaInnsbruckAustriaSwarco Raiders Tirol49–20[15]TurkeyKoç RamsFabian Seeber
2019CEFL Bowl XIVSwitzerlandChurSwitzerlandCalanda Broncos42–46[16]AustriaSwarco Raiders TirolDarius Saint-Robinson
2021CEFL Bowl XVAustriaInnsbruckAustriaSwarco Raiders Tirol16–22GermanySchwäbisch Hall UnicornsTyler Rutenbeck
2022CEFL Bowl XVIGermanySchwäbisch HallGermanySchwäbisch Hall Unicorns42–17ItalyParma PanthersTyler Rutenbeck
2023CEFL Bowl XVIIFranceLa CourneuveFranceLa Courneuve Flash26–21FranceThonon Black PanthersAngelo Druck
2024CEFL Bowl XVIIISwitzerlandChurSwitzerlandCalanda Broncos14–27[17]AustriaDanube DragonsPaul Schachner[18]
2025CEFL Bowl XIXSwitzerlandChurSwitzerlandCalanda Broncos21–28FranceThonon Black PanthersAdel Bafdile[19]

Finalists

[edit]
ClubChampionsFinalsYears won
SerbiaBelgrade Vukovi6112007, 2009–2011, 2013, 2014
AustriaSwarco Raiders Tirol342017–2019
GermanySchwäbisch Hall Unicorns222021, 2022
SloveniaLjubljana Silverhawks132012
SerbiaKragujevac Wild Boars132006
FranceThonon Black Panthers122025
AustriaDanube Dragons112024
FranceLa Courneuve Flash112023
AustriaGraz Giants112016
SerbiaNovi Sad Dukes112015
AustriaCNC Gladiators112008
SwitzerlandCalanda Broncos3
HungaryBudapest Wolves2
TurkeyKoç Rams1
AustriaCineplexx Blue Devils1

Membership of CEFL Championship

[edit]
TeamNatSeasons2006200720082009201020112012201320142015201620172018201920212022202320242025
SBB Vukovi BeogradSerbia2006–2017, 2022–present
Novi Sad DukesSerbia2006–2010, 2015–2016
Sirmium LegionariesSerbia2006
Kragujevac Wild BoarsSerbia2006–2007, 2013–2014, 2017–2021, 2024–present
Ljubljana SilverhawksSlovenia2006–2016
Budapest WolvesHungary2007–2014, 2022–2023
CNC GladiatorsAustria2007–2008
Bratislava MonarchsSlovakia2008
Budapest CowbellsHungary2008–2009, 2016–2017
Zagreb ThunderCroatia2008–2009
Cineplexx Blue DevilsAustria2009–2010, 2012, 2015–2016
Istanbul CavaliersTurkey2011
Zagreb PatriotsCroatia2012, 2016
Graz GiantsAustria2016, 2024
Alp DevilsSlovenia2016
Sarajevo SpartansBosnia and Herzegovina2016
Domžale TigersSlovenia2016
Inđija IndiansSerbia2016
Niš ImperatoriSerbia2016
Panthers WrocławPoland2017–2019
Swarco Raiders TirolAustria2017–2021
Triangle RazorbacksDenmark2017
Koç RamsTurkey2017–2019
Moscow PatriotsRussia2018
Prague Black PanthersCzech Republic2018
Thonon Black PanthersFrance2019, 2022–present
Milano SeamenItaly2019–2022
Calanda BroncosSwitzerland2019–present
Schwäbisch Hall UnicornsGermany2021–2023, 2025
Vienna VikingsAustria2021
Carlstad CrusadersSweden2021, 2025
Fehervar EnthronersHungary2021
La Courneuve FlashFrance2022–2024
Badalona DracsSpain2022, 2025
Las Rozas Black DemonsSpain2022–2023
Örebro Black KnightsSweden2022
Copenhagen TowersDenmark2022, 2024
Danube DragonsAustria2022, 2024
Moscow SpartansRussia2022
Parma PanthersItaly2022–2024
Stockholm Mean MachinesSweden2023–present
Kuopio SteelersFinland2023
Rivas OsosSpain2023
Guelfi FirenzeItaly2023–2024
Manchester TitansEngland2024
Warsaw EaglesPoland2025
Eidsvoll 1814sNorway2025
Amsterdam CrusadersNetherlands2025
Bristol AztecsEngland2025
  • Note: teams whose names are inbold are current participants.

References

[edit]
  1. ^"CEFL welcomes back the Wild Boars". 19 December 2012.
  2. ^"SBB Vukovi raise the trophy again". 23 July 2014.
  3. ^"A dream decade". 21 January 2015.
  4. ^Top European teams joining CEFL
  5. ^Constituting CEFL Cup
  6. ^"European teams' alliance". 8 November 2019.
  7. ^"Central European Football League set to return in 2021 with Germany added". 28 January 2021.
  8. ^"Central European Football League goes straight to quarterfinal round". 21 April 2021.
  9. ^"Central European Football League returns in 2022".American Football International. 23 December 2021. Retrieved7 January 2022.
  10. ^"CEFL Championship 2024 announcement".european-league.com. 16 December 2023. Retrieved20 June 2024.
  11. ^"2025 Schedule & Standings".european-league.com. 1 February 2025. Retrieved21 April 2025.
  12. ^"Dukes take the title in a thriller". 6 July 2015.
  13. ^"Giant win". 5 July 2016.
  14. ^"Austria's Swarco Raiders down Kragujevac Wild Boars from Serbia to win CEFL Bowl XII". 11 June 2017.
  15. ^"CEFL Bowl XIII – Swarco Raiders repeat as champions, beat Turkey's Koc Rams". 12 June 2018.
  16. ^"Raiders' three-peat in incredible ending". 9 June 2019.
  17. ^"Calanda Broncos — Danube Dragons Vienna". 22 June 2024.
  18. ^"CEFL Bowl XVIII Recap: Calanda Broncos – Danube Dragons Vienna". 26 June 2024.
  19. ^"CEFL Bowl XIX Recap: Calanda Broncos – Thonon Black Panthers". 23 June 2025. Retrieved31 July 2025.

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