TheAfrican Development Bank, on the other hand, definesCentral Africa as seven countries: Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Equatorial Guinea, and Gabon.[3]
The Congo River basin has historically been ecologically significant to the populations of Central Africa, serving as an important supra-regional organization in Central Africa.
Archeological finds in Central Africa have been made which date back over 100,000 years.[5] According to Zagato and Holl, there is evidence of iron smelting in the Central African Republic that may date back to 3000 to 2500 BCE.[6] Extensive walled settlements have recently been found in Northeast Nigeria, approximately 60 km (37 mi) southwest of Lake Chad dating to the first millennium BCE.[7]
Trade and improved agricultural techniques supported more sophisticated societies, leading to the early civilizations of West Africa:Sao,Kanem,Bornu,Shilluk,Baguirmi, andWadai.[8]
Around 2500 BCE,Bantu migrants had reached the Great Lakes Region in Central Africa. Halfway through the first millennium BCE, the Bantu had also settled as far south as what is nowAngola.
The West AfricanSao civilization flourished from ca. the 6th century BCE to as late as the 16th century CE in northern Central Africa. The Sao lived by the Chari River south of Lake Chad in territory that later became part of Cameroon and Chad. They are the earliest people to have left clear traces of their presence in the territory of modernCameroon. Today, several ethnic groups of northern Cameroon and southern Chad but particularly theSara people claim descent from the civilization of the Sao. Sao artifacts show that they were skilled workers inbronze, copper, and iron.[9] Finds include bronze sculptures and terra cotta statues of human and animal figures, coins, funerary urns, household utensils, jewelry, highly decorated pottery, and spears.[10] The largest Sao archaeological finds have been made south of Lake Chad.
The West-Central African kingdom ofKanem–Bornu Empire was centered in the LakeChad Basin. It was known as theKanem Empire from the 9th century CE onward and lasted as the independent kingdom ofBornu until 1900. At its height it encompassed an area covering not only much ofChad, but also parts of modern easternNiger, northeasternNigeria, northernCameroon and parts ofSouth Sudan. The history of the Empire is mainly known from the Royal Chronicle orGirgam discovered in 1851 by the German travelerHeinrich Barth.[11] Kanem rose in the 8th century in the region to the north and east of Lake Chad. The Kanem empire went into decline, shrank, and in the 14th century was defeated byBilala invaders from theLake Fitri region.[12]
TheKanuri people of West Africa led by the Sayfuwa migrated to the west and south of the lake, where they established theBornu Empire. By the late 16th century the Bornu empire had expanded and recaptured the parts of Kanem that had been conquered by the Bulala.[13] Satellite states of Bornu included theDamagaram in the west andBaguirmi to the southeast of Lake Chad.
TheShilluk Kingdom was centered inSouth Sudan from the 15th century from along a strip of land along the western bank of White Nile, fromLake No to about 12° northlatitude. The capital and royal residence were in the town ofFashoda. The kingdom was founded during the mid-15th century CE by its first ruler,Nyikang. During the 19th century, the Shilluk Kingdom faced decline following military assaults from theOttoman Empire and later British and Sudanese colonization inAnglo-Egyptian Sudan.
The Kingdom of Baguirmi existed as an independent state during the 16th and 17th centuries southeast of West-Central AfricaLake Chad region in what is now the country of Chad. Baguirmi emerged to the southeast of theKanem–Bornu Empire. The kingdom's first ruler wasMbang Birni Besse. Later in his reign, theBornu Empire conquered and made the state a tributary.
TheWadai Empire was centered in Chad from the 17th century. TheTunjur people founded theWadai Kingdom to the east of Bornu in the 16th century. In the 17th century, there was a revolt of theMaba people who established a Muslim dynasty.At first, Wadai paid tribute to Bornu and Durfur, but by the 18th century, Wadai was fully independent and had become an aggressor against its neighbors.[8]
Following theBantu Migration from Western Africa, Bantu kingdoms and empires began to develop in southern Central Africa. In the 1450s, aLuba from the royal familyIlunga Tshibinda marriedLunda queen Rweej and united all Lunda peoples. Their son Mulopwe Luseeng expanded the kingdom. His son Naweej expanded the empire further and is known as the first Lunda emperor, with the titleMwata Yamvo (mwaant yaav,mwant yav), the "Lord of Vipers". The Luba political system was retained, and conquered peoples were integrated into the system. Themwata yamvo assigned acilool orkilolo (royal adviser) and tax collector to each state conquered.[14]
Numerous states claimed descent from the Lunda. TheImbangala of inland Angola claimed descent from a founder, Kinguri, brother of Queen Rweej, who could not tolerate the rule ofmulopwe Tshibunda.Kinguri became the title of kings of states founded by Queen Rweej's brother. TheLuena (Lwena) andLozi (Luyani) in Zambia also claim descent from Kinguri. During the 17th century, a Lunda chief and warrior calledMwata Kazembe set up anEastern Lunda kingdom in the valley of theLuapula River. The Lunda's western expansion also saw claims of descent by theYaka and thePende. The Lunda linked Central Africa with the western coast trade. The kingdom of Lunda came to an end in the 19th century when it was invaded by theChokwe, who were armed with guns.[15]
By the 15th century CE, the farmingBakongo people (ba being the plural prefix) were unified as theKingdom of Kongo under a ruler called themanikongo, residing in the fertilePool Malebo area on the lowerCongo River. The capital wasM'banza-Kongo. With superior organization, they were able to conquer their neighbors and extract tribute. They were experts in metalwork, pottery, and weaving raffia cloth. They stimulated interregional trade via a tribute system controlled by themanikongo. Later, maize (corn) andcassava (manioc) would be introduced to the region via trade with the Portuguese at their ports atLuanda andBenguela. The maize and cassava would result in population growth in the region and other parts of Africa, replacingmillet as the main staple.
By the 16th century, themanikongo held authority from the Atlantic in the west to theKwango River in the east. Each territory was assigned amani-mpembe (provincial governor) by themanikongo. In 1506,Afonso I (1506–1542), a Christian, took over the throne. Slave trading increased with Afonso's wars of conquest. About 1568 to 1569, theJaga invaded Kongo, laying waste to the kingdom and forcing themanikongo into exile. In 1574, ManikongoÁlvaro I was reinstated with the help of Portuguese mercenaries. During the latter part of the 1660s, the Portuguese tried to gain control of Kongo. ManikongoAntónio I (1661–1665), with a Kongolese army of 5,000, was destroyed by an army of Afro-Portuguese at theBattle of Mbwila. The empire dissolved into petty polities, fighting among each other for war captives to sell into slavery.[16]
Kongo gained captives from theKingdom of Ndongo in wars of conquest. Ndongo was ruled by thengola. Ndongo would also engage in slave trading with the Portuguese, withSão Tomé being a transit point to Brazil. The kingdom was not as welcoming as Kongo; it viewed the Portuguese with great suspicion and as an enemy. The Portuguese in the latter part of the 16th century tried to gain control of Ndongo but were defeated by theMbundu. Ndongo experienced depopulation from slave raiding. The leaders established another state atMatamba, affiliated withQueen Nzinga, who put up a strong resistance to the Portuguese until coming to terms with them. The Portuguese settled along the coast as trade dealers, not venturing on conquest of the interior. Slavery wreaked havoc in the interior, with states initiating wars of conquest for captives. TheImbangala formed the slave-raiding state ofKasanje, a major source of slaves during the 17th and 18th centuries.[17]
During theConference of Berlin in 1884–85 Africa was divided up between the European colonial powers, defining boundaries that are largely intact with today's post-colonial states.[18] On 5 August 1890 the British and French concluded an agreement to clarify the boundary betweenFrench West Africa and what would becomeNigeria. A boundary was agreed along a line fromSay on theNiger to Barruwa onLake Chad, but leaving theSokoto Caliphate in the British sphere.[19]Parfait-Louis Monteil was given charge of an expedition to discover where this line actually ran.[20]On 9 April 1892 he reachedKukawa on the shore of the lake.[21]Over the next twenty years a large part of the Chad Basin was incorporated by treaty or by force intoFrench West Africa. On 2 June 1909, the Wadai capital ofAbéché was occupied by the French.[22] The remainder of the basin was divided by the British in Nigeria, who tookKano in 1903,[23] and the Germans in Cameroon.
In the 21st century, many jihadist and Islamist groups began to operate in the Central African region, including theSeleka and theAnsaru.
Over the course of the 2010s, the internationally unrecognized secessionist state calledAmbazonia gained increasing momentum in its home regions, resulting in the ongoingAnglophone Crisis in Cameroon.[24]
The main economic activities of Central Africa are farming, herding and fishing. At least 40% of the rural population of northern and eastern Central Africa lives in poverty and routinely face chronic food shortages.[25] Crop production based on rain is possible only in the southern belt.Slash-and-burn agriculture is a common practice.[26] Flood recession agriculture is practiced around Lake Chad and in the riverine wetlands.[27] Nomadic herders migrate with their animals into the grasslands of the northern part of the basin for a few weeks during each short rainy season, where they intensively graze the highly nutritious grasses. When the dry season starts they move back south, either to grazing lands around the lakes and floodplains, or to the savannas further to the south.[28]
In the 2000–01 period, fisheries in the Lake Chad basin provided food and income to more than 10 million people, with a harvest of about 70,000 tons.[25] Fisheries have traditionally been managed by a system where each village has recognized rights over a defined part of the river, wetland or lake, and fishers from elsewhere must seek permission and pay a fee to use this area. The governments only enforced rules and regulations to a limited extent.[29] Local governments and traditional authorities are increasingly engaged inrent-seeking, collecting license fees with the help of the police or army.[30]
Oil is also a major export of the countries of northern and eastern Central Africa, notably making up a large proportion of the GDPs of Chad and South Sudan.
The predominant religions of Central Africa areChristianity andtraditional faiths.Chad is the only country in the region whereIslam in the majority religion. Islam is also common inCameroon, being practiced by about 30% of the population. Smaller Muslim communities exist in the other countries too.
Due to common historical processes and widespread demographic movements between the countries of Central Africa before the Bantu Migration into much of southern Central Africa, the cultures of the region evidence many similarities and interrelationships. Similar cultural practices stemming from common origins as largely Nilo-Saharan or Bantu peoples are also evident in Central Africa including in music, dance, art, body adornment, initiation, and marriage rituals.
Some majorNative African ethnic groups in Central Africa are as follows:
^"Central Africa".African Development Bank - Building today, a better Africa tomorrow. 7 March 2019.Archived from the original on 10 July 2019. Retrieved28 December 2022.
^J. Cameron Monroe, Akinwumi Ogundiran, Power and Landscape in Atlantic West Africa: Archeological Perspectives, p. 316,ISBN1107009391, citing Magnavita 2004; Magnavita et al. 2004, 2006; Magnavita i (2013), p. 855: "The relatively recent discovery of extensive walled settlements at the transition from the Neolithic to the Early Iron Age in the Chad Basin (Magnavita et al., 2006) indicates what enormous sites and processes may still await recognition."
^Roger, Jules, and Sombaye Eyango. "Inside the Virtual Ambazonia: Separatism, Hate Speech, Disinformation and Diaspora in the Cameroonian Anglophone Crisis." (2018).
^Goodwin, Stefan (2006).Africa's Legacies Of Urbanization. p. 191.Archived from the original on 21 May 2024. Retrieved4 November 2016....and further west the even more numerous Sara [western Central African Republic, southern Chad, and northern Cameroon.
^MacDonald, Fiona (2000).Peoples of Africa: Burkina Faso-Comoros. Vol. 2. p. 86.ISBN978-0-7614-7158-5.Archived from the original on 27 December 2022. Retrieved27 December 2022.The Central African Republic is a land of many different peoples... The Sara (SAHR) live in the grain-growing lands of the north as well as across the border in Chad.
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