Acenotaph is an emptygrave,tomb or amonument erected in honor of a person or group of people whose remains are elsewhere or have been lost. It can also be the initial tomb for a person who has since been reinterred elsewhere. Although the majority of cenotaphs honor individuals, many noted cenotaphs are also dedicated to thememories of groups of individuals, such as the lost soldiers of a country or of an empire.
Durban has a striking and unusualcenotaph made of granite and lavishly decorated with brightly coloured ceramics.[5]
Gqeberha (its former namePort Elizabeth) has a cenotaph. Located on the edge ofSt George's Park in Rink Street, it was designed by Elizabeth Gardner to commemorate the men who died in the First World War (1914–1918) and was erected by the monumental mason firm of Pennachini Bros. On either side of the central sarcophagus are statues by Technical College Art School principal, James Gardner, who served in the trenches during the war. One depicts St George and the Dragon, the other depicts the sanctity of family life. Surrounding the sarcophagus are a number of bas-relief panels depicting scenes and people during the First World War. It was unveiled by Mrs W F Savage and dedicated by Canon Mayo on 10 November 1929. A surrounding memorial wall commemorates the men and women killed during World War II.[citation needed]
In Livingstone there is a cenotaph at the Eastern Cataract of TheVictoria Falls with the names of the men of Northern Rhodesia who died during the Great War 1914–18. It was unveiled byPrince Arthur of Connaught on 1 August 1923.
There is also a cenotaph inLusaka at Embassy Park, opposite the Cabinet Office along Independence Avenue, and commemorates those Zambians who fought and died in World Wars I & II. The cenotaph was commemorated in 1977.[6]
A monument which has come to be known to as the "Cenotaph" was erected inPlaza San Martín, in downtownBuenos Aires, to commemorate the Argentinian soldiers who died during theFalklands War, in 1982. The monument consists of a series of plaques of black marble with the names of the fallen, surrounding a flame, and during the day is guarded by two soldiers.
A limestone replica of the Cenotaph at Whitehall in London was erected outside the Cabinet Building inHamilton, Bermuda (with the cornerstone laid in 1920, and the completed monument unveiled in 1925).[7]
In theFalkland Islands, there are several war memorials to commemorate those killed in theFalklands War in 1982. The main memorial forFalkland Islanders is the1982 Liberation Memorial, a cenotaph erected inStanley in 1984 which lists all the British Army regiments, RAF squadrons, Royal Navy vessels and the Royal Marine formations and units that took part in the conflict. The names of the 255 British military personnel who died during the war are listed on ten plaques behind the Memorial, divided into the service branches.
TheBattle Monument inBaltimore, Maryland commemorates theBattle of Baltimore, theBattle of North Point on 12 September 1814, theBombardment of Fort McHenry on 13–14 September, and the stand-off on Loudenschlager's Hill (now Hampstead Hill inPatterson Park). It has anEgyptian Revival cenotaph base, surmounted by a fasces bound together with ribbons bearing the names of the dead. It was designed by French émigré architectMaximilian Godefroy in 1815, and construction was completed in 1827. It is considered[who?] the first war memorial in America, and an early example of a memorial to individual soldiers. The Monument appears on the Seal and the Logo of the City of Baltimore, and serves as a symbol for any agencies of the municipal government.[11]
Atop War Memorial Chapel atVirginia Tech, there is a cenotaph honouring all Virginia Tech cadets who have been killed in battle. Inscribed upon the cenotaph are the names of the seven Virginia Tech alumni who have been awarded theMedal of Honor.
The Interallied Memorial of Cointe, commissioned byFIDAC (The Interallied Federation of War Veterans Organisations) and built afterWorld War I inLiège, is a complex consisting of a cenotaph with a tower as a secular monument and the Sacré-Cœur church as a religious building. Numerous monuments donated byAllied nations are displayed in the tower and on the adjoining esplanade.[13]
In theMuseum of Aquitaine, inBordeaux, is the cenotaph ofMichel de Montaigne, a French Renaissance writer and philosopher. The tomb was sculpted in1593, a year after his death on the request of his wife, Françoise de la Chassaigne, probably by Prieur and Guillerman, two Bordeaux ornamentists.[14]
On the cenotaph, next to the coat of arms, there are two epitaphs, in Greek and in Latin. The one in Latin begins: "To Michel de Montaigne, son of Pierre, grandson of Grimond, great-grand-son of Raymond, knight of Saint-Michel, ex-mayor of the city of Bordeaux, a man born for glory, with gentle manners, a witty mind ...".[15]
A cenotaph in the UK that stands inWhitehall, London, was designed by SirEdwin Lutyens[16] and replaced Lutyens' identical wood-and-plaster cenotaph erected in 1919 for the Allied Victory Parade, and is a Grade Ilisted building.[17] It is undecorated save for a carved wreath on each end and the words "The Glorious Dead", chosen byLloyd George. It was intended to commemorate specifically the victims of theFirst World War, but is used to commemorate all of the dead in all wars in which British servicemen and women have fought. The dates of theFirst World War and theSecond World War are inscribed on it in Roman numerals. The design was used in the construction of many other war memorials throughout the British Empire. The Cenotaph is used for annual Armistice Day and Remembrance Sunday Commemorations held every November where all political leaders and ex-prime ministers attend and lay a wreath in dedication to the fallen.
The Cenotaph inBelfast, Northern Ireland, is located in the grounds ofBelfast City Hall and is set within aGarden of Remembrance. It is about 9.5 metres (31 ft) high and presents several carvings including laurel wreaths, symbolising victory and honour. The Cenotaph is the site of the annualNorthern Ireland memorial held onRemembrance Sunday, the closest Sunday to 11 November (Armistice Day).
In Australia,Anzac Day commemorations are usually held at all of the nation's manywar memorials, but not all of them are cenotaphs. Cenotaphs include theHobart Cenotaph, theSydney Cenotaph and the obelisk within the State War Memorial inKings Park, Perth, Western Australia.[18]
Although most notable cenotaphs commemorate notable individuals buried elsewhere, many cenotaphs pay tribute to people whose remains have never been located, particularly those lost at sea. Some such cenotaphs are dedicated to victims of theRMSTitanic whose bodies were not recovered after the sinking. AlthoughIsidor Straus's body was recovered,Ida Straus's body was not, and a cenotaph at the Straus Mausoleum atWoodlawn Cemetery in the Bronx is dedicated to Isidor and Ida together. Its inscription reads: "Many waters cannot quench love—neither can the floods drown it."[19] (Song of Solomon 8:7) The striking cenotaph of MajorArchibald Butt, aide to U.S. PresidentWilliam Howard Taft, is located atArlington National Cemetery.[20]
InInishmore, one of theAran Islands ofIreland, drowning was formerly such a common cause of death for island fishermen that each family had a memorial to those lost at sea known asleachtaí cuimhneacháin (memorial cairns). Most were erected in the 19th century, although some date back to the eighteenth. A modern memorial was erected in 1997.[21][22]
In India, cenotaphs are a basic element ofHindu architecture, later used by Moghuls as seen in most of the mausoleums ofMughal Emperors which have two burial chambers, the upper one with a cenotaph, as inHumayun's Tomb, Delhi, or theTaj Mahal,Agra, while the real tomb often lies exactly below it, or further removed. The termchhatri, used for these canopylike structures, comes fromHindustani word literally meaning umbrella, and are found throughout the northwestern region ofRajasthan as well as inMadhya Pradesh andMaharashtra. In theShekhawati region of Rajasthan,chhatris are built on the cremation sites of wealthy or distinguished individuals.Chhatris in Shekhawati may consist of a simple structure of one dome raised by four pillars to a building containing many domes and a basement with several rooms. In some places, the interior of thechhatri is painted in the same manner as thehaveli.
On 13 January 2016, Belgian amateur astronomers at MIRA Public Observatory dedicated, in conjunction with radio stationStudio Brussels, anasterism of seven stars in the vicinity of Mars which had been photographed at the exact time ofDavid Bowie's death; when appropriately connected they form the iconic lightning bolt ofAladdin Sane.[31][32]
^Barlet, Jacques; Hamal, Olivier; Mainil, Sébastien (2014).Le Mémorial interallié de Cointe à Liège (in French). IPW Institut du Patrimoine wallon. p. 52.ISBN9782875221322.
^Skelton & Gliddon – Lutyens and the Great War, published 2008, Pages 23–47 (also see external link below: Cenotaph of Sigismunda and Lutyen's Whitehall Cenotaph)
^"Buildings of outstanding or national architectural or historic interest."
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