Καυλωνία | |
 Ruins of aDoric temple at the site of ancient Caulonia | |
  Caulonia Shown within Italy | |
| Location | Monasterace,Province of Reggio Calabria,Calabria,Italy. |
|---|---|
| Coordinates | 38°26′44″N16°34′44″E / 38.44556°N 16.57889°E /38.44556; 16.57889 |
| Area | 35–45 ha (110 acres) |
| History | |
| Builder | Settlers fromAegium orCroton |
| Founded | Early second half of 7th century BC |
| Abandoned | Approximately 200 BC |
| Periods | Archaic Greece toRoman Republic |
Caulonia orCaulon (Ancient Greek:Καυλωνία,romanized: Kaulōnía;[1] also spelledKaulonia orKaulon) was an ancient city on the shore of theIonian Sea nearMonasterace,Italy.
At some point after the destruction of the city byRome in 200 BC, the inhabitants moved to a location further inland where they founded Stilida which developed into the modern townStilo.[citation needed]
Since 1863 AD the name Caulonia has also been used by the town 15km away formerly known as Castelvetere. The city changed its name toCaulonia in honour of the ancient city, which was mistakenly believed to have been located in its territory.[2]
Some of the artefacts which have been excavated at the site can now be seen in theMonasterace Archaeological Museum.
The city was located between the mouth of the Stilaro river to the south and the mouth of the Assi river to the north. In ancient times the mouth of the Assi was located slightly further to the south.Punta Stilo, the "Cape of Columns", is a gentle arc-shapedheadland located immediately north of the site. In ancient times the shoreline of Caulonia lay 300 meter further seawards. More than one hundred fluted columns which have been discovered on the seabed in front of Caulonia stood then on a broad arc-shaped headland. This headland probably did not have natural or artificial facilities which could provide protected anchorage for ships. The recession of the coastline started around 400 BC and ended in the 1st century AD. It was the result of atectonic phase which caused landward rise and submergence of the seafloor. The shoreline stabilized in the period from the 1st century AD to the present.[3] The walls of the city enclosed an area of approximately 35 to 45 hectares (110 acres).[4]
Archeological evidence shows that it was founded early in the second half of the seventh century BC.[5] BothStrabo andPausanias mention that the city was founded byAchaean Greek colonists. Pausanias also gives the name of theoecist, or founder, as Typhon ofAegium.[6] Others sources such asPseudo-Scymnus claim that it was founded byCroton.[7] A. J. Graham does not consider these two options to be mutually exclusive because the oecist and settlers could have been invited by Croton.[5]
It had been thought that Caulonia was ruled by Kroton for some time but the fact that Caulonia minted its own coins in the 6th century BC suggests that it was independent. Also, the claim of Kroton over such a long stretch of coast close to its rivalLocri would have been risky.[5] According toThucydides Caulonia supplied Athens with timber for ships during thePeloponnesian War (431–404 BC). The store of timber at Caulonia was attacked and burned by forces fromSyracuse.[8]
In 389 BC the city was conquered byDionysius I of Syracuse at theBattle of the Elleporus, who transplanted its citizens to Syracuse and gave them citizenship and an exemption from taxes for five years. He then levelled the city to the ground and gave its territory to his ally Locri.[9]
It was refounded byDionysius II of Syracuse several decades later[10] and he probably gave control over the city to Locri.[11]
The city was razed two more times: it was destroyed during thePyrrhic War (280–275 BC) and taken by theCampanians, who formed the largest contingent of allies in the army ofRome.[12] In 200 BC the town was completely destroyed by the Romans, when it sided withHannibal during thePunic Wars. It was probably around this time that the ancient site of Caulonia, directly on the Ionian coast, was abandoned in favour of a more protected site inland.[13] About 200 years later when the city is mentioned by Strabo, it is described by him as "situated before a valley" and deserted.[14]
![[icon]](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=https%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3aWiki_letter_w_cropped.svg) | This sectionneeds expansion. You can help byadding to it.(January 2014) |
The first archaeological excavations were conducted between 1911 and 1913 byPaolo Orsi.
In 1969 a mosaic depicting a dragon was discovered in what is now called the "House of the Dragon". It was first exhibited in theMuseo Nazionale della Magna Grecia, but was restored and transferred to theMonasterace Archeological Museum in 2012.[15]
In 2012 amosaic floor of 25 m2 dating to late 4th century BC was discovered in what is thought to have been athermal bathhouse. It is one of the largest mosaics from theHellenistic period found in Southern Italy. The mosaic is divided into ninepolychrome squares and another space with a polychromerosette at the entrance of the room. It depicts a dragon in its centre, comparable to the mosaic discovered in 1969.[15]
In 2013 a bronze tablet from the 5th century BC was discovered. The tablet has a dedication of eighteen lines written in theAchaean alphabet, the longest Achaean inscription ever discovered inMagna Graecia.[16]
{{cite book}}:ISBN / Date incompatibility (help){{cite book}}:ISBN / Date incompatibility (help){{cite book}}:ISBN / Date incompatibility (help){{cite book}}:ISBN / Date incompatibility (help){{cite book}}:ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
| Geographic | |
| Other | |
