 Catholic Church in New Zealand | |
|---|---|
| Hāhi Katorika ki Aotearoa | |
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| Classification | Catholic |
| Orientation | Latin |
| Polity | Episcopal |
| Pope | Leo XIV |
| Archbishop | Paul Martin |
| Region | New Zealand |
| Language | English,Latin |
| Headquarters | Viard House,Sacred Heart Cathedral,Wellington |
| Origin | 1842 (vicariate)[1] |
| Number of followers | 470,919 (2018)[2] |
| Official website | catholic.org.nz |
TheCatholic Church in New Zealand (Māori:Te Hāhi Katorika ki Aotearoa) is part of the worldwideCatholic Church under the leadership of thePope inRome, assisted by theRoman Curia, and with theNew Zealand bishops.[3]
Catholicism was introduced toNew Zealand in 1838 bymissionaries from France, who convertedMāori. As settlers from the British Isles arrived in New Zealand, many of themIrish Catholics, the Catholic Church became a settler church rather than a mission to Māori.[4]
According to the2023 census, "Catholicism" was the largest single Christian religious affiliation in New Zealand, with 449,484 adherents, while the second-largest was "Christian (not further defined)," which recorded 364,644.[5]
In New Zealand there is onearchdiocese (Wellington) and five suffragandioceses (Auckland,Christchurch,Dunedin,Hamilton andPalmerston North). The church is overseen by theNew Zealand Catholic Bishops' Conference. Itsprimate is the MetropolitanArchbishop of Wellington, who has beenPaul Martin since 2023.[6]
The first Christian service conducted in New Zealand waters may have occurred if FatherPaul-Antoine Léonard de Villefeix, theDominican chaplain of the French navigator,Jean-François de Surville, celebrated Mass inDoubtless Bay, nearWhatuwhiwhi, on Christmas Day, 1769.[7][8]
Nearly 70 years later, in January 1838, another Frenchman, BishopJean Baptiste Pompallier (1807–1871) arrived in New Zealand as theVicar Apostolic of Western Oceania. He made New Zealand the centre of his activities, which covered a vast area in thePacific. He celebrated his first Mass in New Zealand atTotara Point,Hokianga, at the home of anIrish family,Thomas and Mary Poynton and their children, on 13 January 1838. Pompallier was accompanied by members of theSociety of Mary (Marists), and more soon arrived. The mission headquarters were established inKororāreka (later calledRussell) where the Marists constructed a building (now calledPompallier) frompisé and set up a printing press. As well as stationing missionaries in the north, Pompallier began work in theBay of Plenty, in theWaikato amongstMāori, and inAuckland andWellington areas amongst European settlers.[9]In 1840, New Zealand became a British colony with the signing of theTreaty of Waitangi. The number of Catholic colonists comprised fewer than 500, from a total number of around 5000.
The Catholic Church established New Zealand as a separatevicariate in 1842.[10]
As a result of disagreement between Pompallier andJean-Claude Colin, Superior of the Marists in France, Rome agreed to divide New Zealand into two ecclesiastical administrations from 1850. Pompallier became Bishop ofAuckland and the MaristBishop Philippe Viard (1809–1872) took charge ofWellington, which included the southern half of theNorth Island and the whole of theSouth Island. This decision meant that much of the Māori mission in the North (where most Māori lived) was abandoned; the Marists working in what became the Auckland diocese, including those who spokeMāori, moved to Wellington. However, Pompallier, who was in Europe in 1850, returned to New Zealand with more priests, the first Sisters of Mercy and ten seminarians, whose training was quickly completed. All but one of them were ordained within five weeks, and their training was the origin ofSt Mary's Seminary founded in that year.[11]
Increasingly, the Catholic Church in New Zealand was preoccupied with meeting the needs of the settler community. Many of the Catholic settlers were from Ireland, with some from England and Scotland. In the 19th century some were from Englishrecusant gentry families, includingSir Charles Clifford, 1st Baronet (firstSpeaker of the New Zealand House of Representatives),Frederick Weld (sixth Premier of New Zealand) and their cousin William Vavasour.
The Wellington diocese was divided into three dioceses, withDunedin (1869) and laterChristchurch (1887) being established in the South Island.[12] In 1887, New Zealand became a separate ecclesiastical province. The hierarchy was established withWellington becoming thearchiepiscopal see. In 1900Holy Cross College, Mosgiel, a national seminary for the training of priests, was opened. In 1907, when New Zealand was created aDominion, there were 126,995 Catholics out of a total European settler population of 888,578.[10]
After 1850, the Māori mission continued in the Auckland diocese in an attenuated form and could not be revived until after theNew Zealand Wars of the 1860s. The survival of the Māori church during the remaining decades of the 19th century was in large part due to Māoricatechists – many of them trained at Pompallier's St Mary's Seminary.[13]James McDonald was the only missionary to the Māori in the late 1870s. In 1880,Archbishop Steins, the Bishop of Auckland, gave McDonald charge of the Māori mission.[14] In 1886, BishopJohn Edmund Luck obtainedMill Hill Fathers for the mission. In spite of inadequate resources, the priests were very active. Some, like Father Carl Kreijmborg, were "builder-priests", themselves erecting churches. They also started credit unions, piggeries, dairy farms, and co-operative stores. Many of the priests were German or Dutch and they made lifelong commitments to their Māori communities. Some became more proficient in Māori than in English.
In the Wellington diocese the Marists continued their work, to a limited extent, amongst Māori, notably atŌtaki.Mother Aubert (see below) contributed significantly inHawke's Bay and later inJerusalem. Catholic secondary schools for Māori were established:St Joseph's Māori Girls' College, Napier (1867) by theSisters of Our Lady of the Missions;Hato Petera College, Northcote (1928) by the Mill Hill Fathers (later staffed by theMarist Brothers who had arrived in New Zealand in 1876); and, in 1948,Hato Paora College was opened by the Marist Fathers.[15] The first Māori Catholic priest, FatherWiremu Te Awhitu[16] was ordained in 1944, and the first Māori Catholic bishop, BishopMax Mariu was ordained in 1988.[17]
ManyCatholic religious orders came to New Zealand. TheSisters of Mercy arrived in Auckland in 1850 – the first order of religious sisters to come to New Zealand – and began work in health care and education.[18] TheCongregation of Our Lady of the Missions arrived in Napier in 1867. WhenPatrick Moran arrived as the first Catholic Bishop ofDunedin in February 1871, he was accompanied by tenDominican nuns from theSion Hill Convent, Dublin, and they proceeded to establish theirschools within days of unpacking.[19] In 1876, the same bishop obtained the services of theChristian Brothers who opened their Dunedinschool in that year. In 1880, theSisters of St Joseph of Nazareth came fromBathurst toWhanganui where they opened 7 schools between 1880 and 1900.[20] TheSisters of St Joseph of the Sacred Heart arrived in New Zealand in 1883 and established their first community atTemuka,South Canterbury.[21] During the next twenty yearsMary MacKillop (St Mary of the Cross), the founder of that congregation, visited New Zealand four times to support her sisters.[22]Suzanne Aubert, who had come to New Zealand in 1860 at the invitation of Bishop Pompallier, and had worked inAuckland andHawke's Bay, established her order theSisters of Compassion inJerusalem in 1892 and brought it to New Zealand in 1899.[23] In 1997 the New Zealand Bishops' Conference agreed to support the "Introduction of the Cause of Suzanne Aubert", to begin the process of consideration for hercanonisation as a saint by the Church.[24] In the 20th century many other orders became established in New Zealand, including theCarmelite nuns in Christchurch and Auckland and theCistercians in Hawke's Bay.
The prominence of churches in New Zealand's cities, towns and countryside attests to the historical importance of Catholicism in New Zealand.[25]
St Patrick's Cathedral is the cathedral of the Catholic Bishop ofAuckland. It is on the original site granted by the Crown toBishop Pompallier in 1841; it was renovated and re-opened in September 2007.[26]St Joseph's Cathedral, Dunedin, was constructed between 1878 and 1886.Sacred Heart Cathedral is the cathedral of theArchdiocese of Wellington and was opened in 1901 (in place of the destroyedSt Mary's Cathedral), although it was not until 1984 that it became officially the cathedral.[27] The highly esteemedCathedral of the Blessed Sacrament, Christchurch, was opened in 1905.[25] The latter three buildings were designed by the prominent New Zealand Catholic architectFrancis Petre.[28] In 1947 another seminary,Holy Name Seminary, was opened in Christchurch. The cathedral of theHamilton Diocese is theCathedral of the Blessed Virgin Mary (built in 1975, rededicated in 1980 and renovated in 2008),[29] and the cathedral of thePalmerston North Diocese is theCathedral of the Holy Spirit (built in 1925, renovated and rededicated in 1980).[30]
Changing social attitudes in the 1950s and 60s and the sweeping changes ushered in by theSecond Vatican Council affected the Catholic Church in New Zealand – including in areas ofliturgy andchurch architecture. From 1970 Mass in New Zealand was said in either English or Māori.[31] The iconicFutuna Chapel was built as a Wellington retreat centre for the Marist order in 1961; the design by Māori architectJohn Scott fusedModernist and indigenous design principles and marked a deviation from traditional church architecture.[32]
On 6 March 1980, the Auckland Diocese and the Wellington Archdiocese were split to create the dioceses ofHamilton andPalmerston North respectively. There have been four New Zealandcardinals, of which all four held the position, successively, of Archbishop of Wellington and Metropolitan of New Zealand:Peter McKeefry,Reginald Delargey,Thomas Stafford Williams andJohn Atcherley Dew.[33]
Pope John Paul II became the first pope to visit New Zealand, in November 1986. He was given an official state welcome, and presided at ceremonies attended by thousands.[34][35] He called for respect between cultures in New Zealand:
The Māori people have maintained their identity in this land. The peoples coming from Europe and more recently from Asia have not come to a desert. They have come to a land already marked by a rich and ancient heritage, and they are called to respect and foster that heritage as a unique and essential element of the identity of this country.[36]
In 2001, the Pope transmitted an apology for injustices done to the indigenous peoples of Australia, New Zealand and thePacific Islands, and asked for forgiveness where members of the church had been or still were party to such wrongs. Theapostolic exhortation also condemned incidents of sexual abuse by clergy inOceania.[37][38]
Of New Zealand Catholic diocesan clergy, 14% have been accused of improper behaviour (either fiscal, sexual abuse, psychological abuse or neglect) since 1950. There were 835 reported cases of alleged sexual child abuse since 1950.[39] From the 1990s, cases of abuse within the Catholic Church and other child care institutions began to be exposed in New Zealand. There were "at least three priests" convicted and several were criticised for allowing abuse to continue. The abuse was on a much lower scale than in Australia and many other countries because the Catholic Church had "a less prominent role in education and social welfare". In 2000 the Church acknowledged and apologised for the abuse of children by clergy, putting in place protocols and setting up a national office to handle abuse complaints.[40][41]
In the2013 census, 47.65 percent of the population identified themselves as Christians, while another 41.92 percent indicated that they had no religion and around 7 percent affiliated with other religions.[42] The main Christian denominations are: Catholics (12.61 percent);Anglicans (11.79 percent),Presbyterians (8.47 percent), and Christians not further defined (5.54 percent).[42] The 2013 census has shown an actual decline in Catholic adherents with a fall of some 16,000 members. However, the 2013 census also showed that the decline in the membership of the mainline non-Catholic denominations was greater, and that the Catholic Church had become the largest New Zealand Christian denomination, passing the Anglican Church for the first time in history.[2] The percentage of Catholics in the 1901 census was 14 percent, though at that time the church was only the third largest denomination.[43]
Regionally, theWest Coast andTaranaki have the largest proportion of Catholics: 16.8 percent and 15.5 percent respectively at the 2013 census. Meanwhile,Tasman andGisborne have the lowest proportion of Catholics at 7.4 percent and 8.2 percent respectively.[44]
Approximately 25 percent of New Zealand Catholics regularly attend SundayMass compared to 60 percent in the late 1960s.[45] In recent times numbers of priests, nuns and brothers have declined, and the involvement oflaypeople has increased. There are 530priests and 1,200 men and women religious.[citation needed] In 2024, there were 18 men training to be priests atHoly Cross Seminary.[46]
Catholic organisations in New Zealand are involved in community activities including education; health and care services; chaplaincy to prisons, rest homes, and hospitals;social justice andhuman rights advocacy.[47][48] Catholic charities active in New Zealand include theSt Vincent de Paul Society[49] andCaritas Aotearoa New Zealand.[50]
The first Catholic School in New Zealand was opened in 1840, the year theTreaty of Waitangi was signed, atKororareka, and was calledSt Peter's School.[51] Initially Catholic missionaries, led byBishop Pompallier, focused on schools for Māori. It was therefore Catholic laymen who in 1841 established a school for the sons of settlers. This school wasAuckland's first school of any sort.[52][53][54] In 1877, the new central government passed a secularEducation Act and the Catholic Church decided to establish its own network of schools. The system expanded rapidly. However, by the early 1970s, the Catholic system was on the brink of financial collapse trying to keep up with the post-WWII baby boom, suburban expansion, extension of compulsory education from six to nine years, and smaller class sizes. In 1975, theThird Labour Government passed the Private Schools Conditional Integration Act, which allowed the financially strapped Catholic school system tointegrate into the state system. This means the school could receive government funding and keep its Catholic character in exchange for having the obligations of a state-run school, such as teaching the state curriculum. The land and buildings continue to be owned by the local bishop or a religious order and are not government-funded; instead parents pay "attendance dues" for their upkeep. Between 1979 and 1984, all but one Catholic school integrated into the state system.[55]
In June 2013, there were 190 Catholic primary schools in New Zealand and 50 secondary schools.[56] Around 86,000 students were enrolled in 2015, or just under 10 percent of all students in the New Zealand school system.[57][58] About 78 percent of New Zealand Catholic children attend Catholic schools.[58] Academically, the schools do very well. Between 1994 and 2010, the rolls in Catholic schools increased by almost 22 percent.[59] The New Zealand Catholic Education Office (NZCEO) assists in the running of Catholic schools in New Zealand.
In 1853Charles Clifford and his cousinFrederick Weld were elected members of the1st New Zealand Parliament. Both were from old English Catholicrecusant families, and were educated atStonyhurst College. Clifford was chosen as the firstspeaker of the House in 1854. Weld was agovernment minister from 1860,premier from 1864, and was later appointed governor of several British colonies (Western Australia, Tasmania, and the Straits Settlements).Henry William Petre was a member of theLegislative Council from 1853 to 1860; his fatherWilliam Petre, 11th Baron Petre was chairman of theNew Zealand Company, and also from the old recusantPetre family.[60]
In 1906Liberal politicianJoseph Ward, a Catholic, becameprime minister. Ward was Australian-born and came from anIrish Catholic family. His political success was evidence that a Catholic could rise to the highest position in the land.[25] New Zealand Catholics were strongly represented in earlyLabour politics, which shared their dislike for theProtestant Political Association and supportedIrish Home Rule.[31][25] In 1922, BishopJames Liston publicly rejoiced at Labour's electoral gains: "Thanks be to God, the Labour people, our friends, are coming into their own – a fair share in the Government of the country."[61] In 1935, New Zealanders elected a Labour government led by another Catholic prime minister,Michael Joseph Savage.[31] Later prime ministersJim Bolger andBill English were practising Catholics while serving in office.[62]
In the later 20th century, many Catholics took up justice and peace causes in their own communities, as well as nationally and internationally. New Zealand Catholics led protests againstapartheid during theSpringbok tour of 1981.[31]
Church leaders have often involved themselves in political issues in areas they consider relevant to Christian teachings. Recent political engagement by New Zealand bishops have included statements issued in relation to: theanti-nuclear movement;[63]Māori rights andTreaty of Waitangi settlements; the rights of refugees and migrants; and promotingrestorative justice overretributive justice in New Zealand.[47]
In March 2013, Catholic bishops wrote to members ofParliament to state their strong objections to theMarriage (Definition of Marriage) Amendment Bill, which legalisedsame-sex marriage in New Zealand. The letter expressed concern that "state pressure will eventually be brought to bear against people’s freedom of conscience and speech."[64]
There is one Roman Catholicmetropolitan archdiocese and fivesuffragan dioceses in New Zealand.[65]
| Diocese | Approximate regions | Cathedral | Creation |
|---|---|---|---|
| 01Diocese of Auckland Bishop of Auckland | Auckland,Northland | St Patrick's Cathedral | 1848 |
| 03Diocese of Christchurch Bishop of Christchurch | Canterbury,West Coast | Cathedral of the Blessed Sacrament | 1887 |
| 02Diocese of Dunedin Bishop of Dunedin | Otago,Southland | St Joseph's Cathedral | 1869 |
| 04Diocese of Hamilton Bishop of Hamilton | Waikato,Bay of Plenty,Gisborne | Cathedral of the Blessed Virgin Mary | 1980 |
| 04Diocese of Palmerston North Bishop of Palmerston North | Manawatū-Whanganui,Taranaki,Hawke's Bay | Cathedral of the Holy Spirit | 1980 |
| 01Archdiocese of Wellington Archbishop of Wellington | Wellington,Marlborough,Nelson,Tasman, part of West Coast | Sacred Heart Cathedral | 1848 |
New Zealand is also covered by fourEastern Catholic eparchies: theMelkite Eparchy of St. Michael the Archangel in Sydney, theChaldean Eparchy of St. Thomas the Apostle of Sydney, theUkrainian Eparchy of Sts. Peter and Paul of Melbourne and the Syro-Malabar Eparchy of St. Thomas the Apostle of Melbourne, all based out of Australia.[65]
After his chaplain, a Dominican Catholic named Paul-Antoine Léonard de Villefeix, had conducted the first Christian service in New Zealand waters on Christmas Day 1769, de Surville left the country [...].
It is likely that the ship's chaplain, Father Paul-Antoine Léonard de Villefeix, celebrated Mass on Christmas Day, making this the first Christian service to be held in New Zealand.
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