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Cath Palug (alsoCath Paluc,Cath Balug,Cath Balwg, literally 'Palug's Cat') was a monstrous cat inWelsh mythology associated withArthurian legend. Given birth to inGwynedd by the pigHenwen of Cornwall, the cat was to haunt theIsle of Anglesey untilKay went to the island to hunt it down. Outside of Wales, the cat's opponent has been transposed toKing Arthur himself or, occasionally, other legendary heroes such asOgier the Dane. Cath Palug's name in French literature isChapalu (Old French and variant modern forms:Capalu,Capalus).
The Welsh nameCat Palug may mean "scratching cat", but this is just one of a range of possible meanings.[1] The wordpalug (paluc) is theorized to have a commonpal- stem, which may mean: 'hit, strike', 'cut, lop', 'scratch, claw',[2] or even 'dig, pierce'.[1][a][b]
Chapalu, the French form can be broken down intochat 'cat' +palu 'bog', hence 'the bog cat'. In anAnglo-Norman poem (see§Li Romanz des Franceis), Chapalu andpalu are connected in the story (the words are end-rhymed in the couplet).[c][4]
Cath Palug is always localised near water, such as the lakes ofLac du Bourget andLake Geneva in France, the sea in Wales. One story describes it as some sort of fish-cat.[5] The monstrous cat ofLausanne, which was the analogue in theVulgateMerlin started out as a black kitten caught by a fisherman in his net.[6]
Cath Palug is mentioned in just two works among early Welsh sources, the triads and a fragmentary poem.[4]
Cath Palug's birth origins are given in "The Powerful Swineherds" in the Welsh Triads (Trioedd Ynys Prydein, end of the 13th century). According to this source, it started life as a kitten (lit "whelp"), given birth by the great white sowHenwen at the black rock inLlanfair [cy].[d] There the kitten was cast into the sea, but it crossed theMenai Strait and was found onYnys Môn (Anglesey), where the sons ofPalug raised it, not realizing the cat was to become one of the three great plagues of the island.[7][8]
Cath Palug was fought and slain by Cai (Kay), or so it is implied, in the incompleteOld Welsh poemPa Gur yv y Porthaur found in theLlyfr Du Caerfyrddin (The Black Book of Carmarthen, written before 1250).[9] Kay had gone to destroylleown (possibly meaning 'lions') inMôn (Anglesey). In the encounter, nine scores (180) warriors have been killed by the cat.[9][10][11]
The fragmentary poem states that Kay's shield ismynud against the cat, which has been construed in various ways,[e] but plausibly interpreted as "polished against Palug's cat".[12] This description coincides with theMiddle English story in the Lambeth manuscript,[13] in which Arthur raises a shield (presumably mirrored) causing the cats to attack their own shadows reflected in it.[14]
TheChapalu (Capalu) is the equivalent monster inOld French and Anglo-Norman sources.[f][15][16] Several works relate a battle between Chapalu (or an anonymous monster cat) withKing Arthur himself, rather than with his knight Kay. Sometimes the beast wins, sometimes Arthur wins.[17]
Some of the works only speak of an anonymous cat or cats, but are considered examples of Chapalu encounters by commentators, due to the parallels.[g][18][19] The cat of Lausanne (Losan) that Arthur fights in theVulgate Cycle is a notable example of the cat not being named.
The king is the victor in the VulgateMerlin and in a Middle-English romance in the Lambert ms. noted above. His defeat is noted in several romances that are essentially non-Arthurian, but can be viewed as a French joke against the English, although some researchers believed some genuine tradition of an alternative death of Arthur.[20]
The oldest chivalric romance in Spanish,The Book of the Knight Zifar speaks of a perilous situation figuratively, as tantamount to King Arthur facing theGato Paul, which is considered a reference to Arthur fighting the monstrous cat.[h][21]
The fight between Arthur and Cath Palug is figured on a mosaic atOtranto Cathedral in Italy. The creature believed to represent the Cath Palug is a spotted feline, seeming to attack King Arthur (labeledrex Arturus) mounted on some horned animal, wearing a crown, and holding a club (or sceptre).[22] The crown on Arthur and the horns on the mounting beast appear to be artefacts of the restorer, based on preserved drawings of the mosaic from earlier.[23]
In the early 13th century, the Anglo-Norman poet André de Coutance rebuked the French for having written a vindictive poem (or poems[24]) describing King Arthur's death by a cat. André indignantly added that this was an utter lie.[4][25]
This passage in André's workLi Romanz des Franceis (The Romance of the French) has been excerpted and commented in various studies.[26][27][4][28][i] André's short résumé of the French work was that Chapalu kicked Arthur into a bog, afterwards killed Arthur, swam to England and became king in his place.[4]
A French original is thought to have existed[30] to the fragmentary,Middle German poemManuel und Amande written between 1170 and the beginning of the 13th century. It implies that slain by a sort of a "fish-cat",[31] or strictly according to the text, it was a fish which at the same time "had the form of a cat (katze gestalt)".[32][33][35]
This was considered to be a work in the same tradition as the French works that told of Arthur's dishonorable demise, such as polemicized against by André.[f][27][26]
In the early 13th-centuryL'Estoire de Merlin (The Story of Merlin), a man fishing in the lake of Lausanne swears that he will dedicate to God the first creature that he catches, but fails to keep his oath. At the third cast of his line he catches a black kitten, which he takes home, only for it to grow to gigantic proportions. The giant cat then kills the fisherman and his entire family, and subsequently any traveller unwise enough to come near the lake. It is finally slain by Arthur.[36][6]
Galeran de Bretagne (Galeran of Brittany, written in the 13th century) is another work that refers to Arthur's combat with the cat. According to the summary given byEmile Freymond [de] (and byGaston Paris), Galeran of Brittany beats his German opponent Guynant, and the latter tries to rile up the Breton by repeating thecontrueve ('idle lie') that the great cat killed Arthur in a pitched battle.[37][38]
There is some issue of dissent regarding this interpretation. The text can be read in the converse, so that the German knight says Arthur had killed the cat. Freymond noted that while this was grammatically possible, it was not an allowable interpretation in the context.[39] Paris agreed on this point.[38] However, John Beston (2008) translated the portion at issue as "the proverb about King Arthur killing the cat".[40]
Chapalu is encountered by heroes from theCharlemagne cycle, in either late interpolations or later prose sequels to the originalchanson de geste.
Chapalu is fought by the knight Rainouart in a late version ofLa Bataille Loquifer [fr] in theGuillaume d'Orange cycle (La Geste de Garin de Monglane). The epic originally writtenc. 1170 did not contain the episode, but a late-13th century interpolation to it introduced Arthurian elements.[41] An extract containing the Chapalu portion was published byAntoine Le Roux de Lincy in 1836;[42][j] Paulin Paris wrote summaries based on a different manuscript.[k]
Chapalu here was the son born after thelutin Gringalet[l][m] raped the fée (fairy) Brunehold[n] while she bathed in the fountain of Oricon. Although Chapalu was beautiful, his mother could not bear her shame and turned him into a hideously shaped monster, and this curse could only be lifted when he has sucked a few drops of Rainouart's blood.[44][46] The description of Chapalu after his metamorphosis was that he had a cat's head with red eyes,[47] a horse's body, a griffon's talons (or dragon's feet),[44] and a lion's tail.[46][48][49] Rainouart is then brought toAvalon by three fairies,[50] and Arthur the king of Avalon commands Chapalu to fight this newcomer. In the ensuing battle, Chapalu laps some blood from his opponent's heel, and his human form is restored.[51][46]
Ogier the Dane appears inJean d'Outremeuse'sLy Myreur des Histors where he fights Chapalu that turns out to be the metamorphosis of hissquire Benoit, or else the monster from which Benoit's soul must be liberated.[52][53][54] The narrative is similar to Renoart's Avalon adventure inLa Bataille Loquifer,[53] and there is "no doubt" Jean knew the chanson in question.[54]
According to theMyreur, Ogier was traveling in the year 896 to succor Guillaume d'Orange when he was shipwrecked with his horse Passevent on an isle (Ysle de Trist, nine days sailing fromCyprus), and combats with Chapalu (Capalu).[53] A fight ensues between Ogier and beasts, including Chapalu, but this is actually Ogier's squire Benoit (or his soul) trapped in monster form due to enchantment, and Ogier is required to tap the creature between the eyes to lift the curse. Ogier subsequently fights Arthur andGawain, until Arthur's sisterMorgan is summoned by her sonAuberon (Alberon) to stop the fight.[53][52]
A similar narrative is incorporated into late reworked versions of the Ogier romance, except Gawain goes without mention.[53] The reworkings (orrifacimenti) exist in decasyllabic form (Rifacimento A) and alexandrines (B).[52] The decasyllabicRoman d'Ogier (c. 1310) summarized by Knut Togeby, and here too, the capalu was a knight transformed into alutin by the fées, and he offers to become Ogier's squire.[55]
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The legend's fight between Arthur and the devil cat of the Lake of Lausanne (in present-day Switzerland) is now considered to have been located at theCol du Chat ('cat pass') in theSavoie region of France near Lake Bourget. This conforms with the account in theEstoire de Merlin that Arthur, in order to commemorate his victory over the cat, renamed a place that was calledMont du Lac ('lake mountain') asMont du Chat ('cat mountain').[56]
The modern rediscovery of the Arthurian lore here is credited toEmile Freymond [de], who initially searched for local tradition or onomastics around Lausanne, in vain, then crossing the border into France, and found this spot.[56] The community still retained vestigial lore of encounters with the monstrous cat, though Arthur did not figure in them. There was also a piece of 13th-century writing byEtienne de Bourbon saying that King Arthur carried out a hunt at Mont du Chat.[57][56]
The Welsh tradition gives as location the Isle of Anglesey, but has the cat born at Llanveir.
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