In the Southern United States, catfish may be known by a variety ofslang names, such as "mud cat", "polliwogs", or "chuckleheads".[5] Such names are regional and unstandardized. For instance, "chucklehead" in one region may refer to abullhead catfish but indicateblue catfish elsewhere.[6]
Most catfish arebottom feeders. In general, they are negativelybuoyant, which means that they usually sink rather than float due to a reducedgas bladder and a heavy, bony head.[7] Catfish have a variety of body shapes, though most have a cylindrical body with a flattenedventrum to allow for benthic feeding.[7] A flattened head allows for digging through the substrate, as well as perhaps serving as ahydrofoil. Some have a mouth that can expand to a large size and contains noincisiform teeth; catfish generally feed throughsuction or gulping rather than biting and cutting prey.[7] Some families, though, notably theLoricariidae andAstroblepidae, have asuckermouth that allows them to fasten themselves to objects in fast-moving water.[7]
Catfish do not havescales; their bodies are often naked. In some species, theirmucus-coveredskin is used incutaneous respiration, where the fish breathes through its skin.[7] Insome catfish, the skin is covered in bony plates calledscutes; some form of body armor appears in various ways within the order. Inloricarioids and in the Asian genusSisor, the armor is primarily made up of one or more rows of freedermal plates. Similar plates are found in large specimens ofLithodoras. These plates may be supported byvertebralprocesses, as inscoloplacids and inSisor, but the processes never fuse to the plates or form any external armor. By contrast, in the subfamily Doumeinae (familyAmphiliidae) and in hoplomyzontines (Aspredinidae), the armor is formed solely by expanded vertebral processes that form plates. Finally, the lateral armor ofdoradids,Sisor, and hoplomyzontines consists of hypertrophiedlateral line ossicles with dorsal and ventrallamina.[8]
Juvenile catfish, like other fish, have relatively large heads, eyes, and posterior median fins in comparison to larger, more mature individuals. These juveniles can be readily placed in their families, particularly those with highly derived fin or body shapes; in some cases, identification of the genus is possible. As far as known for most catfish, features that are often characteristic of species, such as mouth and fin positions, fin shapes, and barbel lengths, show little difference between juveniles and adults. For many species, pigmentation pattern is also similar in juveniles and adults. Thus, juvenile catfish generally resemble and develop smoothly into their adult form without distinct juvenile specializations. Exceptions to this are the ariid catfish, where the young retain yolk sacs late into juvenile stages, and many pimelodids, which may have elongated barbels and fin filaments or coloration patterns.[9]
Themaxilla is atooth-bearing bone in vertebrates, and modified inneopterygian fish to facilitate the protrusion of the mouth and enablesuction feeding. Catfish, despite being a group of neopterygians, reduced the maxilla into a support for the maxillarybarbels;[10] this means that they are unable to protrude their mouths as other fish such ascarp.[7] Catfish barbels typically occur in pairs, and up to four pairs of barbels may be present in some species; these being the nasal, maxillary (on each side of mouth), and two pairs of "chin" barbels termed the internal and externalmandibular barbel, though the various families often have fewer pairs, some species may havebranched or duplicated barbel pairs, and a number of families only have extremely reduced maxillary barbels. Thepalatine-maxillary system is responsible for moving the maxillary barbels; it is a system of ligaments and muscles centred on these two skeletal elements.[10][11] If severed, the barbelsgrow back over time, but the maxillary barbels cannot regenerate if theirbasal element (the maxilla) is lost.[12][13]
Many larger catfish havechemoreceptors across their entire bodies (especially the barbels), which means they "taste" anything they touch, and "smell" any chemicals in the water. "In catfish,gustation plays a primary role in the orientation and location of food".[14] Because barbels and chemoreception are more important in detecting food, their eyes are generally small, and many specieslost them entirely as they adapted to underground environments, becomingcavefish. Like otherostariophysans, they are characterized by the presence of aWeberian apparatus.[15] Their well-developed Weberian apparatus and reduced gas bladder allow for improvedhearing and sound production.[7]
A sting from the striped eel catfish,Plotosus lineatus, may be fatal. These are juveniles
All catfish other than members of theMalapteruridae (electric catfish), possess a strong, hollow, bony, leading spine-like ray on theirdorsal andpectoral fins. As a defense, these spines may be locked into place so that they stick outwards, enabling them to inflict severe wounds.[16] In numerous catfish species, these fin rays can be used to deliver a stingingprotein if the fish is irritated;[17] as many as half of all catfish species may be venomous in this fashion, making the Siluriformes overwhelmingly the vertebrate order with the largest number of venomous species.[18] Thisvenom is produced byglandular cells in theepidermal tissue covering the spines.[15] In members of the familyPlotosidae and of the genusHeteropneustes, this protein is so potent it may hospitalize humans who receive a sting; inPlotosus lineatus, the stings can be lethal.[19][15] The dorsal- and pectoral-fin spines are two of the most conspicuous features of siluriforms, and differ from those in other fish groups.[20] Despite the widespread use of the spines for taxonomic and phylogenetic studies the fields have struggled to effectively use the information due to a lack of consistency in the nomenclature, with a general standard for the descriptive anatomy of catfish spines proposed in 2022 to try and resolve this problem.[20]
In many catfish, the "humeral process" is a bony process extending backward from thepectoral girdle immediately above the base of the pectoral fin. It lies beneath the skin, where its outline may be determined by dissecting the skin or probing with a needle.[21]
Theretinae of catfish are composed of singlecones and largerods. Many catfish have atapetum lucidum, which may help enhancephoton capture and increase low-light sensitivity.Double cones, though present in mostteleosts, are absent from catfish.[22]
Sexual dimorphism is reported in about half of all families of catfish.[23] The modification of theanal fin into anintromittent organ (in internal fertilizers) as well as accessory structures of the reproductive apparatus (in both internal and external fertilizers) have been described in species belonging to 11 different families.[24]
The anatomical organization of thetestis in catfish is variable among the families of catfish, but the majority of them present fringed testis: Ictaluridae, Claridae, Auchenipteridae, Doradidae, Pimelodidae, and Pseudopimelodidae.[25] In the testes of some species of Siluriformes, organs and structures such as a spermatogenic cranial region and a secretory caudal region are observed, in addition to the presence of seminal vesicles in the caudal region.[26] The total number of fringes and their length are different in thecaudal andcranial portions between species.[25] Fringes of the caudal region may present tubules, in which the lumen is filled by secretion andspermatozoa.[25] Spermatocysts are formed from cytoplasmic extensions ofSertoli cells; the release of spermatozoa is allowed by breaking of the cyst walls.[25]
The occurrence ofseminal vesicles, in spite of their interspecific variability in size, gross morphology, and function, has not been related to the mode of fertilization. They are typically paired, multichambered, and connected with thesperm duct, and have been reported to play glandular and storage functions. Seminal vesicle secretion may includesteroids and steroidglucuronides, withhormonal andpheromonal functions, but it appears to be primarily constituted ofmucoproteins, acidmucopolysaccharides, andphospholipids.[24]
GiantBagarius yarrelli (goonch) caught in India. Some goonch in the Kali River grow large enough to supposedly attack humans andwater buffalo
Catfish have one of the largest ranges in size within a single order ofbony fish.[7] Many catfish have a maximum length of under 12 cm (4.7 in).[15] Some of the smallest species of theAspredinidae andTrichomycteridae reach sexual maturity at only 1 cm (0.39 in).[16]
Thewels catfish,Silurus glanis, and the much smaller relatedAristotle's catfish, are the only catfish indigenous toEurope; the former ranges throughout Europe, and the latter is restricted toGreece.Mythology and literature record wels catfish of astounding proportions that have not been scientifically verified. The typical size of the species is about 1.2–1.6 m (3.9–5.2 ft), and fish more than 2 m (6.6 ft) are rare. However, they are known to exceed 2.5 m (8.2 ft) in length and 100 kg (220 lb) in weight. In July 2009, a catfish weighing 88 kilograms (194 lb) was caught in theRiver Ebro, Spain, by an 11-year-old British schoolgirl.[27]
In North America, the largestIctalurus furcatus (blue catfish) caught in theMissouri River on 20 July 2010, weighed 59 kg (130 lb). The largestflathead catfish,Pylodictis olivaris, ever caught was inIndependence, Kansas, weighing 56 kg (123 lb). The biggest flathead catfish caught was by Ken Paulie in theElk City Reservoir in Kansas, US on 19 May 1998 weighing 55.79 kg (123 lb 0 oz), which was certified by the International Game Fish AssociationIGFA.[28]
AMekong giant catfish caught in northernThailand on 1 May 2005, and reported to the press almost 2 months later weighed 293 kilograms (646 lb). This is the largest giant Mekong catfish caught since Thai officials started keeping records in 1981.[29] Also in Asia,Jeremy Wade caught a 75.5-kilogram (166.4 lb)goonch followingthree fatal attacks on humans in theKali River on theIndia-Nepal border. Wade was of the opinion that the offending fish must have been significantly larger than this to have taken an 18-year-old boy, as well as awater buffalo.[citation needed]
Piraíba(Brachyplatystoma filamentosum), agoliath catfish, can grow exceptionally large and are native to the Amazon Basin. They can occasionally grow to 200 kg (440 lb), as evidenced by numerous catches. Deaths from being swallowed by these fish have been reported in the region.
Molecular evidence suggests that in spite of the great morphological diversity in the order, all catfish form amonophyletic group, originating from acommon ancestor.[30] Catfish belong to a superorder called theOstariophysi, which also includes theCypriniformes (carps and minnows),Characiformes (characins and tetras),Gonorynchiformes (milkfish and beaked salmons) andGymnotiformes (South American knifefish), a superorder characterized by theWeberian apparatus. Some place Gymnotiformes as a sub-order of Siluriformes; however, this is not as widely accepted. Currently, the Siluriformes are said to be thesister group to the Gymnotiformes, though this has been debated due to more recent molecular evidence.[15] As of 2007[update] there were about thirty-sixextant catfish families, and about 3,093 extant species have been described.[31] This makes the catfish order the second or third most diversevertebrate order; in fact, one out of every twenty vertebrate species is a catfish.[16]
The taxonomy of catfish is quickly changing. In a 2007 and 2008 paper,Horabagrus,Phreatobius, andConorhynchos were not classified under any current catfish families.[31] There is disagreement on the family status of certain groups; for example, Nelson (2006) lists Auchenoglanididae and Heteropneustidae as separate families, while the All Catfish Species Inventory (ACSI) includes them under other families.FishBase and theIntegrated Taxonomic Information System lists Parakysidae as a separate family, while this group is included underAkysidae by both Nelson (2006) and ACSI.[15][32][33][34] Many sources do not list the recently revised familyAnchariidae.[35] The familyHorabagridae, includingHorabagrus,Pseudeutropius, andPlatytropius, is not shown by some authors but presented by others as a true group.[30] Thus, the actual number of families differs between authors. The species count is in constant flux due totaxonomic work as well as description of new species.[15] Between 2003 and 2005, over one hundred species were named, a rate three times faster than that of the past century.[36] In June 2005, researchers named the newest family of catfish,Lacantuniidae, only the third new family of fish distinguished in the last seventy years, the others being thecoelacanth in 1938 and themegamouth shark in 1983. The new species inLacantuniidae,Lacantunia enigmatica, was found in theLacantun river in the Mexican state ofChiapas.[37]
The higher-level phylogeny of Siluriformes has gone through several recent changes, mainly due tomolecular phylogenetic studies. While most studies, both morphological and molecular, agree that catfishes are arranged into three mainlineages, the relationship among these lineages has been a contentious point in which these studies, performed for example byRui Diogo, differ.[38][39][40][41][42] The three main lineages in Siluriformes are the familyDiplomystidae, the denticulate catfish suborderLoricarioidei (containing the Neotropical "suckermouth" catfishes), and the suborder Siluroidei, which contains the remaining families of the order. According tomorphological data,Diplomystidae is usually considered to be the earliest branching catfish lineage and thesister group to the other two lineages, Loricarioidei and Siluroidei.[41][42][43] Molecular evidence usually contrasts with this hypothesis, and shows the suborder Loricarioidei as the earliest branching catfish lineage, and sister to aclade that includes the Diplomystidae and Siluroidei; this phylogeny has been obtained in numerous studies based on genetic data.[30][38][39][44] However, it has been suggested that these molecular results are errors as a result oflong branch attraction, incorrectly placing Loricarioidei as the earliest-branching catfish lineage.[40] When a data filtering method[45] was used to reduce lineage rate heterogeneity (the potential source of bias) on their dataset, a final phylogeny was recovered which showed theDiplomystidae are the earliest-branching catfish, followed byLoricarioidei and Siluroidei as sister lineages, providing both morphological and molecular support forDiplomystidae being the earliest branching catfish.[40]
Catfish are believed to have aGondwanan origin primarily centered around South America, as the mostbasal living catfish groups are known from there. The earliest known definitive members lived in theAmericas from theCampanian toMaastrichtian stages of theLate Cretaceous, including theAndinichthyidae,Vorhisia vulpes and possiblyArius.[1][50][51] A potential fossil record is known from the earlierConiacian-Santonian stages inNiger ofWest Africa,[2] though this has been considered unreliable,[51] and the putative earliestarmored catfish known from the fossil record,Afrocascudo, lived during theCenomanian age of theLate Cretaceous inMorocco ofNorth Africa (Kem Kem Group).[3] The describers ofAfrocascudo claimed that the presence of a derived loricariid so early on would indicate the extensive diversification of catfish, or at least loricarioids, prior to the beginning of the Late Cretaceous. As extant loricariids are only known from South America, much of this diversification must have occurred on the supercontinent ofWest Gondwana prior to its fragmentation into South America and Africa.[3] Britz and colleagues suggested thatAfrocascudo instead represents a juvenileobaichthyidlepisosteiform, possibly a junior synonym ofObaichthys.[52] The authors of the original study still stood by their original conclusion based on the absence of importantholostean characters, and noted that it could not be a juvenile, since the bones were completely ossified.[53]
Catfish live inland or in coastal waters of every continent exceptAntarctica. Catfish have inhabited all continents at one time or another.[15] They are most diverse intropical South America, Asia, and Africa, with one family native to North America and one family in Europe.[16] More than half of all catfish species live in the Americas. They are the onlyostariophysans that have enteredfreshwater habitats inMadagascar, Australia, andNew Guinea.[7]
Catfish can produce different types of sounds and also have well-developed auditory reception used to discriminate between sounds with different pitches and velocities. They are also able to determine the distance of the sound's origin and from what direction it originated.[65] This is a very important fish communication mechanism, especially duringagonistic and distress behaviors. Catfish are able to produce a variety of sounds for communication that can be classified into two groups: drumming sounds andstridulation sounds. The variability in catfish sound signals differs due to a few factors: the mechanism by which the sound is produced, the function of the resulting sound, and physiological differences such as size, sex, and age.[66]
To create a drumming sound, catfish use an indirect vibration mechanism using theswimbladder as aresonating chamber. In these fishes, special sound-producing muscles (sonic muscles) insert on the ramus Mulleri, also known as the elastic spring. The sonic muscles pull the elastic spring forward and extend the swimbladder. When the muscles relax, the tension in the spring quickly returns the swimbladder to its original position, which produces the sound.[67]
In stridulators, the sound-generating mechanism is found in theirpectoral fins; the first pectoral fin ray or spine can be moved by largeabductor andadductor muscles. The base of the catfishes' spines has a sequence of ridges, and the spine normally slides within a groove on the fish's pelvic girdle during routine movement; but, pressing the ridges on the spine against the pelvic girdle groove creates a series of short pulses.[65][67] The movement is analogous to a finger moving down the teeth of a comb, and consequently a series of sharp taps is produced.[66]
Sound-generating mechanisms are often different between the sexes. In some catfish, pectoral fins are longer in males than in females of similar size, and differences in the characteristic of the sounds produced were also observed.[67] Comparison between families of the same order of catfish demonstrated family and species-specific patterns of vocalization, according to a study by Maria Clara Amorim. During courtship behavior in three species ofCorydoras catfish, all males actively produced stridulation sounds before egg fertilization, and the species' songs were different in pulse number and sound duration.[68]
Sound production in catfish may also be correlated withfighting andalarm calls. According to a study by Kaatz, sounds for disturbance (e.g. alarm) and agonistic behavior were not significantly different, which suggests distress sounds can be used to sample variation in agonistic sound production.[68] However, in a comparison of a few different species of tropical catfish, some fish put under distress conditions produced a higher intensity of stridulatory sounds than drumming sounds.[69] Differences in the proportion of drumming versus stridulation sounds depend onmorphological constraints, such as different sizes of drumming muscles and pectoral spines. Due to these constraints, some fish may not even be able to produce a specific sound. In several different species of catfish, aggressive sound production occurs during cover site defense or during threats from other fish. More specifically, in long-whiskered catfish, drumming sounds are used as a threatening signal and stridulations are used as a defense signal. Kaatz investigated 83 species from 14 families of catfish, and determined that catfish produce more stridulatory sounds in disturbance situations and more swimbladder sounds in intraspecific conflicts.[69]
Catfish are easy to farm in warm climates and are often sold cheaply by local grocers. About 60% of U.S. farm-raised catfish are grown within a 65-mile (100-km) radius ofBelzoni, Mississippi.[70]Channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) support a $450 million/yr aquaculture industry.[16] The largest producers are located in theSouthern United States, includingMississippi,Alabama, andArkansas.[71][72]
Catfish raised in inland tanks or channels are usually considered safe for the environment, since their waste and disease should be contained and not spread to the wild.[73]
In Asia, many catfish species are important as food. Severalairbreathing catfish (Clariidae) andshark catfish (Pangasiidae) species are heavily cultured in Africa and Asia. Exports of one particular shark catfish species fromVietnam,Pangasius bocourti, have met with pressures from the U.S. catfish industry. In 2003, theUnited States Congress passed a law preventing the imported fish from being labeled as catfish, this being the conclusion of the so-calledCatfish Dispute.[74] As a result, the Vietnamese exporters of this fish now label their products sold in the U.S. as "basa fish". Trader Joe's has labeled frozen fillets of VietnamesePangasius hypophthalmus as "striper."[75]
Catfish have widely been caught and farmed for food for thousands of years in Africa, Asia, Europe, and North America. Opinions of their quality and flavor vary, with some food critics considering catfish excellent and others dismissing them as watery and lacking in flavor.[76] Catfish is high invitamin D.[77] Farm-raised catfish contains low levels ofomega-3 fatty acids and a much higher proportion ofomega-6 fatty acids.[78]
InCentral Europe, catfish were often viewed as adelicacy to be enjoyed onfeast days and holidays. Migrants from Europe and Africa to the United States brought along this tradition, and in theSouthern United States, catfish is extremely popular.
The most commonly eaten species in the United States are thechannel catfish and theblue catfish, both common in the wild and increasingly widely farmed. Farm-raised catfish became such a staple of the U.S. diet that PresidentRonald Reagan proclaimed National Catfish Day on June 25, 1987, to recognize "the value of farm-raised catfish."[79]
Catfish is prepared in a variety of ways. In Europe, it is often cooked in similar ways tocarp, but in the United States it is popularly crumbed withcornmeal and fried.[76]
InIndonesia, catfish is usually served fried or grilled in street stalls calledwarung and eaten with vegetables,sambal (a spicyrelish or sauce), and usuallynasi uduk (traditionalcoconut rice). The dish is calledpecel lele orpecak lele.Lele is theIndonesian word for catfish. The same dish can also be called aslele penyet (squashed catfish) if the fish is lightly squashed along with sambal with a stonemortar-and-pestle. Thepecel orpecak version presents the fish in a separate plate while the mortar is solely for sambal.
InMalaysia, catfish is calledikan keli and is fried with spices or grilled and eaten withtamarind andThai chili gravy and is also often eaten withsteamed rice.
InMyanmar (formerly Burma), catfish is usually used inmohinga, a traditional noodlefish soup cooked withlemon grass,ginger,garlic, pepper, banana stem, onions, and other local ingredients.
Vietnamese catfish, of the genusPangasius, cannot belegally marketed as catfish in the United States, and so is referred to asswai orbasa.[80] Only fish of the familyIctaluridae may be marketed as catfish in the United States.[81][82] In the UK, Vietnamese catfish is sometimes sold as "Vietnamese river cobbler", although more commonly as basa.[83]
InNigeria, catfish is often cooked in a variety ofstews. It is particularly cooked in a delicacy popularly known as "catfish pepper soup" which is enjoyed throughout the nation.[84]
In Jewish dietary law, known askashrut, fish must have fins and scales to bekosher.[85] Since catfish lack scales, they are not kosher.[86]
In the mythology of the JapaneseShinto religion natural phenomenon are caused bykami.Earthquakes are caused by a giant catfish calledNamazu. There are otherkami associated with earthquakes. InKyoto it's usually an eel, but after the1855 Edo earthquakeNamazu-e (鯰絵; "catfish prints") were printed giving more popularity to the catfishkami that has been known since the 16th centuryOtsu-e.[87] In one catfish print the divine white horse ofAmaterasu is depicted knocking down the earthquake-causing catfish.[88]
Representatives of thegenusIctalurus have beenintroduced into European waters in the hope of obtaining a sporting and food resource, but the European stock of American catfishes has not achieved the dimensions of these fish in their native waters and have only increased the ecological pressure on native Europeanfauna.Walking catfish have also been introduced in the freshwater areas of Florida, with the voracious catfish becoming a major alien pest there.Flathead catfish,Pylodictis olivaris, is also a North American pest on Atlantic slope drainages.[16]Pterygoplichthys species, released by aquarium fishkeepers, have also establishedferal populations in many warm waters around the world.[89][90][91][92][93]
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