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TheCatechism of the Catholic Church (Latin:Catechismus Catholicae Ecclesiae; commonly called theCatechism or theCCC) is a reference work that summarizes theCatholic Church's doctrine. It waspromulgated byPope John Paul II in 1992 as a reference for the development of localcatechisms, directed primarily to those (in the church) responsible forcatechesis and offered as "useful reading for all otherChristian faithful".[2] It has been translated into and published in more than twenty languages worldwide.
John Paul II referred to it as "the Catechism of theSecond Vatican Council",[3] and Pope Benedict XVI described it as "one of the most important fruits of the Second Vatican Council".[4]
The decision to publish an official catechism was taken at theSecond Extraordinary General Assembly of the Synod of Bishops, which was convened byPope John Paul II on 25 January 1985 to evaluate the progress of implementing theVatican II council's goals on the 20th anniversary of its closure. The assembly participants expressed the desire that "acatechism orcompendium of all Catholic doctrine regarding bothfaith andmorals be composed, that it might be, as it were, a point of reference for the catechisms or compendiums that are prepared in various regions. The presentation of doctrine must bebiblical andliturgical. It must be sound doctrine suited to the present life of Christians".[5]
John Paul II says that in 1986 he formed a commission composed of 12cardinals and bishops chaired by cardinalJoseph Ratzinger (who later becamePope Benedict XVI) to prepare the first draft of theCatechism.[6] The commission was assisted by a committee consisting of sevendiocesan bishops, experts intheology andcatechesis.[6]
The first principal part of theCatechism, which deals with the Profession of Faith, was drafted by BishopJosé Manuel Estepa Llaurens and BishopAlessandro Maggiolini. The second principal part, on the sacraments, was drafted by future CardinalsJorge Medina andEstanislao Esteban Karlic. The third principal part, on life in Christ, was drafted by the future CardinalJean Honoré and BishopDavid Konstant. The final principal part, on prayer, was drafted by Fr. Jean Corbon, a Lebanese Melkite priest. Future CDF PrefectWilliam Levada wrote theCatechism's glossary. The project's editorial secretary was the future CardinalChristoph Schönborn, OP.[7]
Reminiscing those days, Benedict said in 2011: "I must confess that even today it seems a miracle to me that this project [theCatechism of the Catholic Church] was ultimately successful".[8]
CardinalGeorges Cottier said he had worked on the catechism.[9]
TheCatechism of the Catholic Church, which I approved 25 June last and the publication of which I today order by virtue of my Apostolic Authority, is a statement of the Church's faith and of Catholic doctrine, attested to or illumined bySacred Scripture,Apostolic Tradition and the Church'sMagisterium. I declare it to be a valid and legitimate instrument for ecclesialcommunion and a sure norm for teaching the faith.
— John Paul II,Fidei depositum, part IV
TheCatechism waspromulgated byJohn Paul II on 11 October 1992, the 30th anniversary of the opening of theSecond Vatican Council, with hisapostolic constitutionFidei depositum (in English,The Deposit of Faith).[6][10]
On 15 August 1997, theSolemnity of theAssumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary,John Paul II promulgated theLatintypical edition, with hisapostolic letterLaetamur magnopere.[11][12]
TheCCC was published in the French language in 1992.[13] In the United States, theEnglish translation was published in 1994 and more than 250,000 copies had been pre-ordered before its release,[14] with a note that it was "subject to revision according to the Latintypical edition (editio typica) when it is published".[15]
The Latin typical edition, the official text of referencepromulgated on 15 August 1997,[16] amended the contents of the provisional French text at a few points.[17] As a result, the earlier translations from theFrench into other languages (including English) had to be amended and re-published as "second editions".[note 1]
Over eight million copies have been sold worldwide and the book has been published in more than twenty languages.[19]
In theapostolic constitutionFidei depositum,John Paul II declared that theCatechism of the Catholic Church is "a valid and legitimate instrument for ecclesialcommunion and a sure norm for teaching the faith", and stressed that it "is not intended to replace the localcatechisms duly approved by the ecclesiastical authorities, thediocesan Bishops and theEpiscopal Conferences".[6]
TheCatechism states:[20]
11 This catechism aims at presenting an organic synthesis of the essential and fundamental contents of Catholic doctrine, as regards bothfaith andmorals, in the light of theSecond Vatican Council and the whole of theChurch's Tradition. Its principal sources are theSacred Scriptures, theFathers of the Church, theliturgy, and the Church'sMagisterium. It is intended to serve "as a point of reference for thecatechisms orcompendia that are composed in the various countries".
12 This work is intended primarily for those responsible forcatechesis: first of all thebishops, as teachers of the faith and pastors of the Church. It is offered to them as an instrument in fulfilling their responsibility of teaching the People of God. Through the bishops, it is addressed to redactors ofcatechisms, to priests, and tocatechists. It will also be useful reading for all other Christian faithful.
TheCatechism is a source on which to base other Catholic catechisms (e.g.,YOUCAT or theYouth Catechism of the Catholic Church) and other expositions of Catholic doctrine. As stated in theapostolic constitutionFidei depositum, with which its publication was ordered, it was given so "that it may be a sure and authentic reference text for teaching Catholic doctrine and particularly for preparing local catechisms".[21]
TheCatechism includes 2865 paragraphs, arranged in four principal parts:[22]
The section on Scripture in theCatechism covers thePatristic tradition of "spiritualexegesis" as further developed through thescholastic doctrine of the "four senses".[23] TheCatechism by specifies that the necessary spiritual interpretation should be sought through the four senses of Scripture.[24]
The literal sense pertains to the meaning of the words themselves, including any figurative meanings.[25] The spiritual senses pertain to the significance of the things (persons, places, objects or events) denoted by the words. Of the three spiritual senses, the allegorical sense is foundational. It relates persons, events, and institutions of earlier covenants to those of later covenants, and especially to theNew Covenant. Building on the allegorical sense, the moral sense instructs in regard to action, and the anagogical sense points to man's final destiny.[26] The teaching of theCatechism on Scripture has encouraged the pursuit ofcovenantal theology, an approach that employs the four senses to structure salvation history via the biblical covenants.[27][28]
One of the changes in the 1997 update consisted of the inclusion of the position on thedeath penalty that is defended in John Paul II'sencyclicalEvangelium vitae of 1995.[29][30]
The paragraph dealing with the death penalty (2267) was revised again byPope Francis in 2018.
The text previously stated (1997):[31]
Assuming that the guilty party's identity and responsibility have been fully determined, the traditional teaching of the Church does not exclude recourse to the death penalty, if this is the only possible way of effectively defending human lives against the unjust aggressor.
If, however, non-lethal means are sufficient to defend and protect people's safety from the aggressor, authority will limit itself to such means, as these are more in keeping with the concrete conditions of the common good and more in conformity to the dignity of the human person.
Today, in fact, as a consequence of the possibilities which the state has for effectively preventing crime, by rendering one who has committed an offense incapable of doing harm – without definitely taking away from him the possibility of redeeming himself – the cases in which the execution of the offender is an absolute necessity "are very rare, if not practically nonexistent."
The 2018 change to theCatechism reads:[32][31]
Recourse to the death penalty on the part of legitimate authority, following a fair trial, was long considered an appropriate response to the gravity of certain crimes and an acceptable, albeit extreme, means of safeguarding the common good.
Today, however, there is an increasing awareness that the dignity of the person is not lost even after the commission of very serious crimes. In addition, a new understanding has emerged of the significance of penal sanctions imposed by the state. Lastly, more effective systems of detention have been developed, which ensure the due protection of citizens but, at the same time, do not definitively deprive the guilty of the possibility of redemption.
Consequently, the Church teaches, in the light of the Gospel, that "the death penalty is inadmissible because it is an attack on the inviolability and dignity of the person", and the Catholic Church works with determination for its abolition worldwide.
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In 1992,cardinal Joseph Ratzinger (laterPope Benedict XVI) stated:[33]
[TheCatechism of the Catholic Church] clearly show[s] that the problem of what we must do as human beings, of how we should live our lives so that we and the world may become just, is the essential problem of our day, and basically of all ages. After the fall of ideologies, the problem of man—the moral problem—is presented to today's context in a totally new way: What should we do? How does life become just? What can give us and the whole world a future which is worth living? Since the catechism treats these questions, it is a book which interests many people, far beyond purely theological or ecclesial circles.
Ulf Ekman, formerCharismatic pastor and the founder ofLivets Ord, says that theCatechism is "the best book he has ever read".[34]
TheCompendium of the Catechism of the Catholic Church was published in 2005, and the first edition in English in 2006. It is a more concise,dialogic and illustrated version of theCatechism.[35]: Introduction The text of theCompendium is available in fourteen languages on the Vatican website, which also gives the text of theCatechism itself in ten languages.[35]
Youcat is a 2011 publication aimed at helping youth understand theCatechism.
CardinalFrancis Arinze commented in 2023 on the need for pamphlets and booklets to communicate the contents of specific aspects of theCatechism and theCompendium of the Social Doctrine of the Church, because of their size.[36]
This work is intended primarily for those responsible for catechesis: first of all the bishops, as teachers of the faith and pastors of the Church....
The Catechism so often refers to it that it might well be called the Catechism of the Second Vatican Council. The conciliar texts constitute a sure "compass" for the believers of the third millennium.
Going back to the early years, the first 'big' text I worked on was the social encyclicalCentesimus annus. And then theUt unum sint on ecumenicalism, the moral encyclicalVeritatis splendor, and theFides et ratio… also the Catechism of the Catholic Church
Born Karol Józef Wojtyła; 18 May 1920 – 2 April 2005
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