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Acasualty (/ˈkæʒuəlti/ ⓘKAZH-oo-əl-tee,UK also/ˈkæʒjuəlti/KAZH-yoo-əl-tee), as a term inmilitary usage, is a person inmilitary service,combatant ornon-combatant, who becomes unavailable for duty due to any of several circumstances, includingdeath, injury, illness, missing, capture ordesertion.
In military usage, acasualty is a person in servicekilled in action, killed bydisease, diseased, disabled by injuries, disabled bypsychological trauma,captured,deserted, ormissing, but not someone who sustains injuries which do not prevent them from fighting. Any casualty is no longer available for the immediate battle or campaign, the major consideration in combat; the number of casualties is simply the number of members of a unit who are not available for duty. The word has been used in a military context since at least 1513.[1]
Civilian casualties arecivilians killed or injured bymilitary personnel orcombatants, sometimes instead referred to by theeuphemistic expression "collateral damage".
The military organisationNATO uses the following definitions:
In relation to personnel, any person who is lost to his organization by reason of being declared dead, wounded, diseased, detained, captured or missing.[2]
Any casualty incurred as the direct result of hostile action, sustained in combat or relating thereto, or sustained going to or returning from a combat mission.[2]
A person who is not a battle casualty, but who is lost to his organization by reason of disease or injury, including persons dying from disease or injury, or by reason of being missing where the absence does not appear to be voluntary or due to enemy action or to being interned.[2][3]
These definitions are popular among military historians.
In relation to personnel, any personkilled in action,missing in action or who died of wounds or diseases before being evacuated to a medical installation.[4][5]
In relation to personnel, any person incapacitated by wounds sustained or diseases contracted in a combat zone, as well as any person admitted to a medical installation for treatment or recuperation for more than a day. There is a distinction betweencombat medical casualty andnon-combat medical casualty. The former refers to a medical casualty that is a direct result of combat action; the latter refers to a medical casualty that is not a direct result of combat action.[4][5]
A civilian casualty refers to a civilian that is killed or wounded as a direct result of military action.
A casualty classification generally used to describe any person killed by means of the action of hostile forces.[6]
A casualty classification generally used to describe any person reported missing during combat operations. They may havedeserted, or may have beenkilled,wounded, or takenprisoner.
A casualty classification generally used to describe any person who has incurred an injury by means of action of hostile forces.[2]
A casualty classification generally used to describe any person captured and held in custody by hostile forces.
The word "casualty" has been used since 1844 in civilian life.[1] In civilian usage, a casualty is a person who is killed, wounded or incapacitated by some event; the term is usually used to describe multiple deaths and injuries due to violent incidents ordisasters. It is sometimes misunderstood to mean "fatalities", but non-fatal injuries are also casualties.
According toWHOWorld Health Report 2004, deaths from intentional injuries (including war, violence, andsuicide) were estimated to be 2.8% of all deaths.[7] In the same report,unintentional injury was estimated to be responsible for 6.2% of all deaths.[7]
Military Medical Casualties are losses during wars of armed forces personnel on account of wounds or other effects received from various kinds of weapons, as well as those who are admitted to aid stations or medical installations for more than 24 hours. Military medical casualties are one category of battle casualties, which also include what are called irrecoverable losses—those already dead or who die of wounds before reaching an aid station, those missing in action, and those taken prisoner. Military medical casualties usually greatly exceed irrecoverable losses—for example, the ratio was about 4:1 in World War I and about 3:1 in World War II. A distinction is made between combat and noncombat military medical casualties. The former refers to casualties that are the result of wounds, trauma, burns, ionizing radiation contamination, poisoning, and frostbite; the latter refers to casualties that are the result of noncombat injuries and diseases not related to weapons.
