Cassiodorus | |
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.jpg) Cassiodorus (Gesta Theodorici:Leiden, University Library, Ms. vul. 46, fol. 2r), dated 1177 | |
| Born | Flavius Magnus Aurelius Cassiodorus Senator[2] c. 490 Squillace,Kingdom of Italy |
| Died | c. 583/585 (aged 92–93/94–95) Squillace,Eastern Roman Empire |
| Major works | Monasteries of Vivarium and Montecastello |
Magnus Aurelius Cassiodorus Senator (c. 485 – c. 585),[3] commonly known asCassiodorus (/ˌkæsioʊˈdɔːrəs/), was aRoman statesman, scholar, and writer who served in the administration ofTheodoric the Great, king of theOstrogoths.Senator was part of his surname, not his rank. In his later years, he devoted himself toChristian learning and founded theVivariummonastery, where he worked extensively during the final decades of his life.[4]
Cassiodorus was born atScylletium, near present-dayCatanzaro in theCalabria region ofItaly, into a family of Syrian origin.[5][6][7][8][9] His ancestry included some of the most prominent ministers of the state extending back several generations.[10] His great-grandfather held a command in the defense of the coasts of southern Italy fromVandal sea-raiders in the middle of the fifth century; his grandfather appears in a Roman embassy toAttila the Hun, and his father (who bore the same name) served ascomes sacrarum largitionum andcomes rerum privatarum toOdovacer[10] and asPraetorian Prefect toTheoderic the Great.[11]
Cassiodorus began his career under the auspices of his father, about in his twentieth year, when the latter made him hisconsiliarius upon his own appointment to the Praetorian Prefecture. In the judicial capacity of the prefect, he held absolute right of appeal over any magistrate in the empire (or Gothic kingdom, later) and theconsiliarius served as a sort of legal advisor in cases of greater complexity. Evidently, therefore, Cassiodorus had received some education in the law.[12] During his working life he worked asquaestor sacri palatii c. 507–511, as aconsul in 514, then asmagister officiorum under Theoderic, and later under the regency for Theoderic's young successor,Athalaric. Cassiodorus kept copious records and letterbooks concerning public affairs. At the Gothic court his literary skill, which seems mannered and rhetorical to modern readers, was so esteemed that when inRavenna he was often entrusted with drafting significant public documents. His culminating appointment was aspraetorian prefect for Italy, effectively the prime ministership of the Ostrogothic civil government[13] and a high honor to finish any career. Cassiodorus also collaborated withPope Agapetus I to establish a library of Greek andLatin texts that were intended to support aChristian school inRome.
James O'Donnell notes:
[I]t is almost indisputable that he accepted advancement in 523 as the immediate successor ofBoethius, who was then falling from grace after less than a year asmagister officiorum, and who was sent to prison and later executed. In addition, Boethius' father-in-law (and step-father)Symmachus, by this time a distinguished elder statesman, followed Boethius to the block within a year. All this was a result of the worsening split between the ancient senatorial aristocracy centered in Rome and the adherents of Gothic rule at Ravenna. But to read Cassiodorus' Variae one would never suspect such goings-on.[14]
There is no mention in Cassiodorus's selection of official correspondence of the death of Boethius.
Athalaric died in early 534, and the remainder of Cassiodorus's public career was dominated by theByzantine reconquest and dynastic intrigue among the Ostrogoths. His last letters were drafted in the name ofVitiges. Around 537–38, he left Italy forConstantinople, from where his successor was appointed; Cassiodorus remained in the eastern capital for almost two decades, concentrating on religious questions. He notably metJunillus, thequaestor ofJustinian I there. His Constantinopolitan journey contributed to the improvement of his religious knowledge.
Cassiodorus spent his career trying to bridge the 6th-century cultural divides: between East and West, Greek culture and Latin, Roman and Goth, and between anorthodox people and theirArian rulers. He speaks fondly in hisInstitutiones ofDionysius Exiguus, the calculator of theAnno Domini era.
In his retirement, he founded themonastery ofVivarium[10] on his family estates on the shores of theIonian Sea, and his writings turned to religion.
Cassiodorus's Vivarium"monastery school"[15] was composed of two main buildings: acoenobitic monastery and a retreat, for those who desired a more solitary life. Both were located on the site of the modern Santa Maria de Vetere nearSquillace. The twin structure of Vivarium was to permit coenobitic (communal)monks and hermits to coexist.
The Vivarium appears not to have been governed by a strict monastic rule, such as that of theBenedictine Order. Rather Cassiodorus's workInstitutiones was written to guide the monks' studies. To this end, theInstitutiones focus largely on texts assumed to have been available in Vivarium's library. TheInstitutiones seem to have been composed over a lengthy period of time, from the 530s into the 550s, with redactions up to the time of Cassiodorus's death. Cassiodorus composed theInstitutiones as a guide for introductory learning of both "divine" and "secular" writings, in place of his formerly planned Christian school in Rome:
I was moved by divine love to devise for you, with God's help, these introductory books to take the place of a teacher. Through them I believe that both the textual sequence of Holy Scripture and also a compact account of secular letters may, with God's grace, be revealed.[16]
The first section of theInstitutiones deals with Christian texts, and was intended to be used in combination with theExpositio Psalmorum. The order of subjects in the second book of theInstitutiones reflected what would become theTrivium andQuadrivium of medievalliberal arts: grammar, rhetoric, dialectic, arithmetic, music, geometry, and astronomy. While he encouraged study of secular subjects, Cassiodorus clearly considered them useful primarily as aids to the study of divinity, much in the same manner asSt. Augustine. Cassiodorus'sInstitutiones thus attempted to provide what Cassiodorus saw as a well-rounded education necessary for a learned Christian, allin uno corpore, as Cassiodorus put it.[17]
Cassiodorus organized for a complete pandect with theVetus Latina Bible to be made, theCodex Grandior and a complete pandect with the Greek Bible for his monks.[18]: 849 The library at Vivarium was still active c. 630, when the monks brought the relics ofSaint Agathius from Constantinople, dedicating to him a spring-fed fountain shrine that still exists.[19] However, its books were later dispersed, theCodex Grandior of theBible being purchased by the Anglo-SaxonCeolfrith when he was in Italy in 679–80, and taken by him toWearmouth Jarrow, where it served as the model for the copying of theCodex Amiatinus, which was then brought back to Italy by the now aged Ceolfrith.[20] Despite the demise of the Vivarium, Cassiodorus's work in compiling classical sources and presenting a sort of bibliography of resources would prove extremely influential in Late Antique Western Europe.[21]
Cassiodorus devoted much of his life to supporting education within the Christian community at large. When his proposed theological university in Rome was denied, he was forced to re-examine his entire approach to how material was learned and interpreted.[22] HisVariae shows that, likeAugustine of Hippo, Cassiodorus viewed reading as a transformative act for the reader. It is with this in mind that he designed and mandated the course of studies at the Vivarium, which demanded an intense regimen of reading and meditation. By assigning a specific order of texts to be read, Cassiodorus hoped to create the discipline necessary within the reader to become a successful monk. The first work in this succession of texts would be thePsalms, with which the untrained reader would need to begin because of its appeal to emotion and temporal goods.[23] By examining the rate at which copies of his Psalmic commentaries were issued, it is fair to assess that, as the first work in his series, Cassiodorus's educational agenda had been implemented to some degree of success.[23]
Beyond demanding the pursuit of discipline among his students, Cassiodorus encouraged the study of the liberal arts. He believed these arts were part of the content of the Bible, and some mastery of them—especially grammar and rhetoric—was necessary for a complete understanding of it.[23] These arts were divided intotrivium (which included rhetoric, idioms, vocabulary and etymology) andquadrivium: arithmetic, geometry, music, and astronomy. He also encouraged theBenedictine monks to study the medical texts of that era, the known herbals and texts ofHippocrates,Dioscorides andGalen.[24]
Cassiodorus is rivalled only byBoethius in his drive to preserve and explore classical literature during the 6th century AD.[25][26] He found the writings of the Greeks and Romans valuable for their expression of higher truths where other arts failed.[23] Though he saw these texts as vastly inferior to the perfect word of Scripture, the truths presented in them played to Cassiodorus's educational principles. Thus he is unafraid to citeCicero alongside sacred text, and acknowledge the classical ideal of good being part of the practice of rhetoric.[23]
His love for classical thought also influenced his administration of Vivarium. Cassiodorus connected deeply with Christianneoplatonism, which saw beauty as concomitant withthe Good. This inspired him to adjust his educational program to support the aesthetic enhancement of manuscripts within the monastery, something which had been practiced before, but not in the universality that he suggests.[27]
Classical learning would by no means replace the role of Scripture within the monastery; it was intended to augment the education already under way. It is also worth noting that all Greek and Roman works were heavily screened to ensure only proper exposure to text, fitting with the rest of the structured learning.[28]
Cassiodorus's legacy is quietly profound. Before the founding of Vivarium, the copying of manuscripts had been a task reserved for either inexperienced or physically infirm devotees, and was performed at the whim of literate monks. Through the influence of Cassiodorus, the monastic system adopted a more vigorous, widespread, and regular approach to reproducing documents within the monastery.[29] This approach to the development of the monastic lifestyle was perpetuated especially through German religious institutions.[29]
This change in daily life also became associated with a higher purpose: the process was not merely associated with disciplinary habit, but also with the preservation of history.[30] During Cassiodorus's lifetime, theological study was on the decline and classical writings were disappearing. Even as the victoriousOstrogoth armies remained in the countryside, they continued to pillage and destroy Christian relics in Italy.[25] Cassiodorus's programme helped ensure that both classical and Christian literature were preserved through the Middle Ages.
Despite his contributions to monastic order, literature, and education, Cassiodorus's labors were not well acknowledged. After his death he was only partially recognized by historians of the age, includingBede, as an obscure supporter of the Church. In their descriptions of Cassiodorus, medieval scholars have been documented to change his name, profession, place of residence, and even his religion.[25] Some chapters from his works have been copied into other texts, suggesting that he may have been read, but not generally known.[28]
The works not assigned as a part of Cassiodorus's educational program must be examined critically. Because he had been working under the newly dominant power of the Ostrogoths, the writer demonstrably alters the narrative of history for the sake of protecting himself. The same could easily be said about his ideas, which were presented as non-threatening in their approach to peaceful meditation and its institutional isolationism.[31]
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| Preceded by | Roman consul 514 | Succeeded by Florentius Procopius Anthemius |
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