| Shagbark hickory | |
|---|---|
 | |
Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Rosids |
| Order: | Fagales |
| Family: | Juglandaceae |
| Genus: | Carya |
| Section: | Caryasect. Carya |
| Species: | C. ovata |
| Binomial name | |
| Carya ovata | |
 | |
| Natural range ofCarya ovata | |
Carya ovata, theshagbark hickory, is a commonhickory native to eastern North America, with twovarieties. The trees can grow to quite a large size but are unreliable in their fruit output. The nut is consumed by wildlife and historically by Native Americans, who also used the wood.
The wordhickory is anaphetic form from earlierpohickory, short for even earlierpokahickory, borrowed from the VirginiaAlgonquian wordpawcohiccora, hickory-nut meat or anut milk drink made from it.[3] Other names for this tree are Carolina Hickory, Scalybark Hickory, Upland Hickory, and Shellbark Hickory, with olderbinomial names ofCarya ovata var. fraxinifolia,Carya ovata var. nuttallii,Carya ovata var. pubescens,Hicoria alba,Hicoria borealis, andHicoria ovata.[4]
It is a large,deciduous tree, growing well over 100 ft (30 m) tall, and can live more than 350[5] years. The tallest measured shagbark, located in Savage Gulf, Tennessee, is over 150 ft (46 m) tall.[6] Mature shagbarks are easy to recognize because, as their name implies, they have shaggy bark. This characteristic is, however, only found on mature trees; young specimens have smooth bark.
Theleaves are 30–60 cm (12–24 in) long,pinnate, with five (rarely three or seven) leaflets, the terminal three leaflets much larger than the basal pair. The shagbark hickory ismonoecious. Staminate flowers are borne on long-stalkedcatkins at the tip of old wood or in the axils of the previous season's leaves. Pistillate flowers occur in short terminal spikes.[7] Thefruit is adrupe 2.5 to 4 cm (1 to1+1⁄2 in) long, an ediblenut with a hard, bony shell, contained in a thick, green four-sectioned husk which turns dark and splits off at maturity in the fall.[3] The terminal buds on the shagbark hickory are large and covered with loose scales.[8]
C. ovata begins producing seeds at about 10 years of age, but large quantities are not produced until 40 years and will continue for at least 100. Nut production is erratic, with good crops every 3 to 5 years, in between which few or none appear and the entire crop may be lost to animal predation.
The two varieties are:
Some sources regard southern shagbark hickory as the separate speciesCarya carolinae-septentrionalis.[9]
Shagbark hickory is found throughout most of the eastern United States, but it is largely absent from thesoutheastern andGulf coastal plains and lowerMississippi Delta areas.[10] An isolated population grows in eastern Canada as far north as Lavant Township, Canadian zone 4b.[11] Scattered locations of shagbark hickory occur in theSierra Madre Oriental of easternMexico.[12]
Shagbark hickory was introduced in Europe in the 17th century. It can still be found inCentral Europe as a non-native species.[13]
Red squirrels,gray squirrels,raccoons,chipmunks, andmice are consumers of hickory nuts.[14] Other consumers includeblack bears, gray and red foxes, rabbits, and bird species such as mallards, wood ducks, bobwhites, and wild turkey.[15]
The nuts are edible[16] with an excellent flavor. They are unsuitable for commercial or orchard production due to the long time it takes for a tree to produce sizable crops and unpredictable output from year to year. The nuts can be used as a substitute for thepecan[16] in colder climates and have nearly the same culinary function. The bark is also used to flavor amaple-style syrup.[17]
Shagbark hickory nuts were an important staple of indigenous diet. Excavation of an ancient (ca. 4350–4050 cal BP) site at Victor Mills in Columbia County, Georgia found hickory nuts, processing tools and other artifacts indicating large-scale processing and storage of nuts.[18]Native Americans used the kernel milk to make corn cakes,kanuchi andhominy.[19][20] The nuts were a significant food source for the Algonquins.[14] Shagbark hickorywood is used forsmokingmeat and for making thebows of Native Americans of the northern area. The lumber is heavy, hard, and tough, weighing 63 lb/ cu ft when air-dried,[21] and has been employed for implements and tools that require strength. These include axles, axe handles, ploughs, skis, and drum sticks.[22][page needed]
Andrew Jackson, the seventh president of the United States, was popularly nicknamed Old Hickory, a play on the toughness of hickory wood.[20] In 1830, he began planning the construction of his tomb atThe Hermitage, his plantation inTennessee. The grave site was surrounded by a variety of trees, including six shagbark hickories. They stood there for 168 years until a storm in 1998 demolished over 1,200 trees at the site. Work on replanting them remains an ongoing project. In modern times, shagbark hickory is rarely used as an ornamental due to its large size, slow growth, difficulty of transplanting (all Juglandaceae species have large taproots) and nut litter.
Shagbark hickory hybridizes withpecan,Carya illinoensis, and shellbark hickory,C. laciniosa (C.x dunbarii Sarg.). Shagbark hickory has 32 chromosomes. In general, species within the genus with the same chromosome number are able to cross. Numerous hybrids among theCarya species with 32 chromosomes (pecan,bitternut,shellbark, and shagbark) have been described, though most are unproductive or have other flaws. A fewhican varieties are commercially propagated.
