| Ordo Cartusiensis | |
 | |
| Formation | 15 August 1084; 940 years ago (1084-08-15) |
|---|---|
| Founder | Bruno of Cologne |
| Founded at | France |
| Type | Monastic Order of Pontifical Right (for Men)[1] |
| Headquarters | Grande Chartreuse (Mother House) |
| Membership | About 380[2] |
| O.Cart. | |
| Website | |
TheCarthusians, also known as theOrder of Carthusians (Latin:Ordo Cartusiensis), are aLatinenclosed religious order of theCatholic Church. The order was founded byBruno of Cologne in 1084 and includes bothmonks andnuns. The order has its own rule, called theStatutes, and their life combines botheremitical andcenobitic monasticism. The motto of the Carthusians isStat crux dum volvitur orbis, Latin for "TheCross is steady while the world turns."[2] The Carthusians retain a unique form of liturgy known as theCarthusian Rite.
The nameCarthusian is derived from theChartreuse Mountains in theFrench Prealps: Bruno built his first hermitage in a valley of these mountains. These names were adapted to the Englishcharterhouse, meaning a Carthusianmonastery.[a] Today, there are 23 charterhouses, 18 for monks and 5 for nuns. The alcoholiccordialChartreuse has been produced by the monks ofGrande Chartreuse since 1737, which gave rise to the name ofthe color, though the liqueur is in fact produced not only as green chartreuse, but also as yellow chartreuse.
In Italy, the Carthusians are known as Certosini and theirmonastery as a Certosa.[3]
In 1084 BishopHugh of Grenoble offered Bruno, the former Chancellor of the Diocese of Reims, a solitary site in the mountains of his diocese, in the valley of Chartreuse. There Bruno and six companions built a hermitage, consisting of a few wooden cabins opening towards a gallery that allowed them access to the communal areas, the church, the refectory, and the chapter room without having to suffer too much from inclement conditions.[4]
Six years later, Bruno's former pupil,Pope Urban II, requested his services. Bruno would only live in Rome for a few short months however, before leaving to establish a new hermitage inSerra San Bruno, inCalabria, a region of southern Italy. He died there on 6 October 1101.[4]
In 1132, an avalanche destroyed the first hermitage, killing 7 monks under the snow. The fifth prior of Chartreuse,Guiges, rebuilt the hermitage.[4]
The order was founded upon theConsuetudines. It contains largely the rule of the order. It was described byTrappist monkThomas Merton as "every line of the Carthusian rule convinces the reader that the men who framed it knew precisely what they were looking for and had a very good notion of the best means of finding it."[5]
There were ten Carthusian monasteries in Britain before the Reformation, with one in Scotland and nine in England. The first was founded byHenry II of England in 1181 atWitham Friary,Somerset as penance for the murder ofThomas Becket.Hugh of Lincoln was its first prior.[6] The third Charterhouse built in Britain wasBeauvale Priory, remains of which can still be seen inBeauvale,Greasley,Nottinghamshire.
The Carthusians, as with all Catholic religious orders, were variously persecuted and banned during theReformation. The abolition of their priories, which were sources of charity in England, particularly reduced their numbers.[7] This was followed by theFrench Revolution which had a similar effect in France.[8]
The Charterhouse, Coventry has been conserved and was opened to the public in April 2023. The area, about a mile from the centre of the city, is a conservation area, and the buildings had been in use as part of a local college. Inside the building is a medieval wall painting, alongside many carvings and wooden beams. Nearby is the river Sherbourne which runs underneath the centre of the city.
The best preserved remains of amedieval Charterhouse in the UK are atMount Grace Priory nearOsmotherley, North Yorkshire. One of the cells has been reconstructed to illustrate how different the layout is from monasteries of most other Christian orders, which are normally designed with communal living in mind.
TheLondon Charterhouse gave its name toCharterhouse Square and several streets in theCity of London, as well as to theCharterhouse School which used part of its site before moving out toGodalming,Surrey.
Nothing remains at Hull or Sheen, although Hull Charterhouse is an almshouse that shared the site of the monastery. Axholme, Hinton, and Witham have slight remains.
Perth Charterhouse, the single Carthusian Priory founded inScotland during theMiddle Ages, was located inPerth. It stood just west of the medieval town and was founded byJames I (1406–1437) in the early 15th century. James I andJoan Beaufort, Queen of Scots (died 1445) were both buried in the priory church, as was QueenMargaret Tudor (died 1541), widow ofJames IV of Scotland. The Priory, said to have been a building of "wondrous cost and greatness", was sacked during theScottish Reformation in 1559, and swiftly fell into decay. No remains survive above ground, though a Victorian monument marks the site. The Perth names Charterhouse Lane and Pomarium Flats (built on the site of the Priory's orchard) recall its existence.
There is an active Carthusian house in England,St Hugh's Charterhouse, Parkminster, West Sussex. This has cells around a square cloister approximately 400 metres (0.25 mi) on a side, making it the largest cloister in Europe. It was built in the 19th century to accommodate two communities which were expelled from the continent.[9]
The monastery is generally a small community of hermits based on the model of the 4th-century Lauras of Palestine. A Carthusian monastery consists of a number of individual cells built around a cloister. The individual cells are organised so that the door of each cell comes off a large corridor.
The focus of Carthusian life is contemplation. To this end, there is an emphasis on solitude and silence.[10] Carthusians do not haveabbots—instead, each charterhouse is headed by aprior and is populated by two types of monks: thechoir monks, referred to ashermits, and the lay brothers. This reflects a division of labor in providing for the material needs of the monastery and the monks. For the most part, the number of brothers in the Order has remained the same for centuries, as it is now: seven or eight brothers for every ten fathers.[11] Humility is a characteristic of Carthusian spirituality. The Carthusian identity is one of shared solitude.[12]
Similar to the tradition of theByzantine Rite, Carthusians eschew the use of musical instruments in worship.[13][14]
Each hermit, a monk who is or who will be a priest, has his own living space, called a cell, usually consisting of a small dwelling. Traditionally there is a one-room lower floor for the storage of wood for a stove and a workshop as all monks engage in some manual labour. A second floor consists of a small entryway with an image of theVirgin Mary as a place of prayer and a larger room containing a bed, a table for eating meals, a desk for study, a choir stall, and a kneeler for prayer. Each cell has a high-walled garden wherein the monk may meditate as well as grow flowers for himself and/or vegetables for the common good of the community, as a form of physical exercise.[12]
Next to the door is a small revolving compartment, called a "turn", so that meals and other items may be passed in and out of the cell without the hermit having to meet the bearer. Most meals are provided in this manner, which the hermit then eats in the solitude of his cell. There are two meals provided for much of the year: lunch and supper. During seasons or days offasting, just one meal is provided. The hermit makes his needs known to the lay brother by means of a note, requesting items such as a fresh loaf of bread, which will be kept in the cell for eating with several meals. Carthusians observe a perpetual abstinence from meat.[10]
The hermit spends most of his day in the cell: he meditates, prays the minor hours of theLiturgy of the Hours on his own, eats, studies and writes, and works in his garden or at some manual trade. Unless required by other duties, the Carthusian hermit leaves his cell daily only for three prayer services in the monastery chapel, including the community Mass, and occasionally for conferences with his superior. Additionally, once a week, the community members take a long walk in the countryside during which they may speak. On Sundays and solemn feast days a community meal is taken in silence.[6] Twice a year there is a day-long community recreation, and the monk may receive an annual visit from immediate family members.[15]
There have always been lay brothers in the charterhouse. When Bruno retired to the Chartreuse, two of his companions were secular ones: Andrew and Guerin. They also live a life of solitary prayer and join in the communal prayer and Mass in the chapel. However, thelay brothers are monks under a slightly different type of vows and spend less time in contemplative prayer and more time in manual labour. The lay brothers provide material assistance to the choir monks: cooking meals, doing laundry, undertaking physical repairs, providing the choir monks with books from the library and managing supplies. The life of the brothers complements that of the choir monks and makes the fathers' lives of seclusion possible.[12]
During the brothers' seven-year formation period, some time is given each day to the study of the Bible, theology, liturgy, and spirituality. They can continue their studies throughout their lives. All of the monks live lives of silence.
The Carthusians do not engage in work of a pastoral or missionary nature. Unlike most monasteries, they do not have retreatants, and those who visit for a prolonged period are people who are contemplating entering the monastery.[10] As far as possible, the monks have no contact with the outside world.
Carthusian nuns live a life similar to the monks but with some differences. Choir nuns tend to lead somewhat lesseremitical lives, while still maintaining a strong commitment to solitude and silence.
Today, the monastery of theGrande Chartreuse is still the Motherhouse of the order. There is a museum illustrating the history of the Carthusian order next to Grande Chartreuse; the monks of that monastery are also involved in producingChartreuse liqueur. Visits are not possible into the Grande Chartreuse itself, but the 2005 documentaryInto Great Silence gave unprecedented views of life within the hermitage.
Today, Carthusians live very much as they originally did, without any relaxing of their rules. Generally, those wishing to enter must be between the ages of twenty-one and forty-five. Nowadays, medical examinations are considered necessary before the Novitiate and Profession.[11] The Carthusian novice is introduced toLectio divina (spiritual reading).
In the 21st century, the Sélignac Charterhouse[16] was converted into a house in which lay people could come and experience Carthusian retreats, living the Carthusian life for shorter periods (an eight-day retreat being fixed as the minimum, to enter at least somewhat into the silent rhythm of the charterhouse).[17]
Before theCouncil of Trent in the 16th century, the Catholic Church in Western Europe had a wide variety of rituals for the celebration of Mass. Although the essentials were the same, there were variations in prayers and practices from region to region or among the variousreligious orders.
WhenPope Pius V made theRoman Missal mandatory for all Catholics of the Latin Church, he permitted the continuance of other forms of celebrating Mass that had an antiquity of at least two centuries. The rite used by the Carthusians was one of these and continues in use in a version revised in 1981. Apart from the new elements in this revision, it is substantially the rite of Grenoble in the 12th century, with some admixture from other sources.[8] According to current Catholic legislation, priests can celebrate the traditional rites of their order without further authorization.
A feature unique to Carthusian liturgical practice is that the bishop bestows on Carthusian nuns, in the ceremony of their profession, astole and amaniple. The nun, who may receive theconsecration of virgins is then also invested with a crown and a ring. The nun wears these ornaments again only on the day of her monastic jubilee and on herbier after her death. AtMatins, if no priest or deacon is present, a nun assumes the stole and reads the Gospel; and although in the time of theTridentine Mass the chanting of the Epistle was reserved to an ordained subdeacon, a consecrated virgin sang the Epistle at the conventual Mass, though without wearing the maniple. For centuries Carthusian nuns retained this rite, administered by the diocesan bishop four years after the nun took her vows.[8]
The formation of a Carthusian begins with 6 to 12 months ofpostulancy. This is followed by two years ofnovitiate, where the novice wears a black cloak over the white Carthusian habit. Subsequently, the novice takes simple vows and becomes a junior professed for three years, during which the professed wears the full Carthusian habit. The simple vows may be renewed for another two years. Finally, the Carthusian makes the solemn profession.[11]
As of March 2024[update], there are 21 extant charterhouses, 16 for monks and 5 for nuns,[18][b] on three continents:Argentina (1),Brazil (1),France (6),Germany (1),Italy (3),Korea (2),Portugal (1),Slovenia (1),Spain (4),Switzerland (1), theUnited Kingdom (1) and theUnited States (1).
Saints
Blesseds
Servants of God
Douglas Raymund (1913)."The Carthusian Order". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved1 January 2015.
| Sacraments | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Eucharistic liturgies | |||||||||||
| Canonical hours, Liturgical hours | |||||||||||
| Other liturgical services | |||||||||||
| Liturgical literature | |||||||||||
| Liturgical language | |||||||||||
| Liturgical rites |
| ||||||||||
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
| Academics | |
| Other | |
