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Carme group

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Group of satellites orbiting Jupiter

This diagram illustrates the largest irregular satellites of Jupiter. The location of the Carme group is illustrated by Carme's presence in the lower middle. An object's position on the horizontal axis indicates its distance from Jupiter. The vertical axis indicates itsinclination.Eccentricity is indicated by yellow bars illustrating the object's maximum and minimum distances from Jupiter. Circles illustrate an object's size in comparison to the others.

TheCarme group is a group ofretrograde irregular satellites ofJupiter that follow similarorbits toCarme and are thought to have a common origin.

Theirsemi-major axes (distances from Jupiter) range between 22.7 and 23.6 million km, theirorbital inclinations between 164.4° and 164.9°, and theirorbital eccentricities between 0.25 and 0.28 (with one exception).

The Carme group members are (in order by date announcement):^[1]^[2]

This diagram compares the orbital elements and relative sizes of the core members of the Carme group. The horizontal axis illustrates their average distance from Jupiter, the vertical axis their orbital inclination, and the circles their relative sizes.

Name	Diameter (km)^[3]	Semi-Major Axis (km)	Period (days)^[4]^[a]	Notes
Carme	46	23139200	–719.28	largest member and group prototype
Kalyke	5	23298000	–726.70	substantially redder than the others
Erinome	3	23027200	–714.05
Isonoe	4	22976300	–711.66
Taygete	5	23103400	–717.59
Chaldene	4	22926300	–709.36
Pasithee	2	22840800	–705.41
Kale	2	23047800	–715.02
Aitne	3	23059400	–715.54
Arche	3	23093200	–717.11
Eukelade	4	23062400	–715.69
Eirene	4	23051300	–715.19
S/2003 J 9	1	23195100	–721.88
S/2003 J 10	2	23384400	–730.74
Kallichore	2	23017100	–713.59
Herse	2	23146700	–719.63
S/2003 J 19	2	23153100	–719.92
S/2003 J 24	2	22882400	–707.33
S/2010 J 1	2	23185600	–721.43
S/2011 J 1	2	23120800	–718.42
S/2017 J 2	2	22949600	–710.42
S/2017 J 5	2	23202000	–722.20
S/2017 J 8	1	22819600	–704.42
S/2016 J 3	2	22719300	–699.76
S/2018 J 3	1	23400200	–731.49
S/2021 J 4	1	23019700	–713.71
S/2021 J 5	2	23414600	–732.15
S/2021 J 6	1	22870400	–706.77
S/2022 J 1	2	22744700	–700.93
S/2022 J 2	1	23073400	–716.21
S/2017 J 11	2	22991300	–712.38

TheInternational Astronomical Union (IAU) reserves names ending in-e for all retrograde moons.

Origin

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The very lowdispersion of themean orbital elements^[b] among the core members (the group is separated by less than 900,000 km in semi major axis and only 0.5° in inclination) suggests that the Carme group may once have been a single body that was broken apart by an impact. The dispersion can be explained by a very small velocity impulse (5 < δV < 50 m/s).^[5] The parent body was probably about the size of Carme, 46 km in diameter; 99% of the group's mass is still located in Carme.^[6]

Further support to the single body origin comes from the known colours: all the satellites appear light red,^[c] withcolour indices B-V= 0.76 and V-R= 0.47^[7] andinfrared spectra, similar toD-type asteroids.^[8] These data are consistent with a progenitor from theHilda family or a Jupitertrojan.

This diagram shows the Ananke group on the same scale as the other diagram, illustrating its wide dispersion in comparison with the compact Carme group.

This diagram shows the compactness of the Carme group.

Notes

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^Negative period is indicative of retrograde motion.
^Osculating orbital parameters of irregular satellites of Jupiter change widely in short intervals due to heavy perturbation by the Sun. For example, changes of as much as 1 Gm in semi-major axis in 2 years, 0.5 in eccentricity in 12 years, and as much as 5° in 24 years have been reported. Mean orbital elements are the averages calculated by the numerical integration of current elements over a long period of time, used to determine the dynamical families.
^With the exception of Kalyke, which is substantially redder.

References

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^Scott S. Sheppard,David C. Jewitt,Carolyn PorcoJupiter's outer satellites and Trojans, In:Jupiter. The planet, satellites and magnetosphere. Edited by Fran Bagenal, Timothy E. Dowling, William B. McKinnon. Cambridge planetary science, Vol. 1, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press,ISBN 0-521-81808-7, 2004, p. 263 – 280Full text(pdf).Archived June 14, 2007, at theWayback Machine
^David Nesvorný, Cristian Beaugé, and Luke Dones. Collisional Origin of Families of Irregular Satellites, The Astronomical Journal,127 (2004), pp. 1768–1783Full text.
^"Moons of Jupiter".Carnegie Science. Minor Planet Center. 27 August 2019.
^"Planetary Satellite Mean Elements".Jet Propulsion Laboratory. California Institute of Technology. 25 January 2024.
^David Nesvorný, Jose L. A. Alvarellos, Luke Dones, and Harold F. Levison. Orbital and Collisional Evolution of the Irregular Satellites, The Astronomical Journal,126 (2003), pages 398–429.(pdf)Archived 15 April 2020 at theWayback Machine
^Sheppard, Scott S.;Jewitt, David C. (5 May 2003). "An abundant population of small irregular satellites around Jupiter".Nature.423 (6937):261–263.Bibcode:2003Natur.423..261S.doi:10.1038/nature01584.PMID 12748634.S2CID 4424447.
^Grav, Tommy;Holman, Matthew J.;Gladman, Brett;Aksnes, Kaare (2 January 2003)."Photometric Survey of the Irregular Satellites".Icarus.166:33–45. Retrieved2 January 2024 – viaArXiv.
^Grav, Tommy;Holman, Matthew J. (22 December 2003)."Near-Infrared Photometry of Irregular Satellites of Jupiter and Saturn".The Astrophysical Journal.605:L141 –L144. Retrieved2 January 2024 – viaArXiv.

External links

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v t e Moons of Jupiter
Listed in increasing approximate distance from Jupiter
Inner moons	Metis Adrastea Amalthea Thebe
Galilean moons	Io Europa Ganymede Callisto
Themisto	Themisto
Himalia group (9)	Leda Ersa S/2018 J 2 Himalia Pandia Lysithea Elara S/2011 J 3 Dia
Carpo group (2)	S/2018 J 4 Carpo
Valetudo	Valetudo
Ananke group (27)	Euporie Jupiter LV Eupheme S/2021 J 3 Jupiter LII Jupiter LIV Mneme Euanthe S/2003 J 16 Harpalyke Orthosie Helike S/2021 J 2 Praxidike Jupiter LXIV S/2021 J 1 S/2003 J 12 Jupiter LXVIII Thelxinoe Thyone S/2003 J 2 S/2022 J 3 Ananke Iocaste S/2017 J 10 Hermippe Jupiter LXX
Carme group (31)	S/2016 J 3 S/2022 J 1 Jupiter LXIX Pasithee S/2021 J 6 S/2003 J 24 Chaldene Jupiter LXIII Isonoe S/2017 J 11 Kallichore S/2021 J 4 Erinome Kale Eirene Aitne Eukelade S/2022 J 2 Arche Taygete Jupiter LXXII Carme Herse Jupiter LXI Jupiter LI S/2003 J 9 Jupiter LXVI Kalyke S/2003 J 10 S/2018 J 3 S/2021 J 5
Pasiphae group (18)	Philophrosyne Eurydome Jupiter LVI S/2003 J 4 S/2016 J 4 Jupiter LXVII Hegemone Pasiphae Sponde Megaclite Cyllene Sinope Jupiter LIX Aoede Autonoe Callirrhoe S/2003 J 23 Kore
See also	Rings of Jupiter Jupiter's moons in fiction
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