Carl Spaatz | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Nickname | "Tooey" |
| Born | (1891-06-28)28 June 1891 |
| Died | 14 July 1974(1974-07-14) (aged 83) Washington, D.C., US |
| Buried | |
| Allegiance | United States |
| Branch | |
| Years of service | 1914–1947 (Army) 1947–1948 (Air Force) 1948–1959 (Civil Air Patrol) |
| Rank | General |
| Service number | 0-3706 |
| Unit | Infantry Branch |
| Commands | Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force U.S. Strategic Air Forces in the Pacific U.S. Strategic Air Forces in Europe Fifteenth Air Force Twelfth Air Force Eighth Air Force Air Force Combat Command 7th Bombardment Group 1st Pursuit Group Kelly Field 31st Aero Squadron |
| Battles / wars | Mexican Expedition World War I World War II |
| Awards | Distinguished Service Cross Army Distinguished Service Medal (4) Legion of Merit Distinguished Flying Cross Bronze Star Medal |
| Signature |  |
Carl Andrew Spaatz (bornSpatz; 28 June 1891 – 14 July 1974), nicknamed "Tooey", was an AmericanWorld War II general. As commander of Strategic Air Forces in Europe in 1944, he successfully pressed for the bombing of theenemy's oil production facilities as a priority over other targets. He becameChief of Staff of the newly formedUnited States Air Force in 1947.
Carl Andrew Spatz was born on 28 June 1891, inBoyertown, Pennsylvania, to Anna Amelia (née Muntz) and Charles Busch Spatz.[1] Spaatz had an older sister Flora (1889–1971).
OfGerman ancestry, in 1937 Spaatz legally added the second "a" to his surname at the request of his wife and three daughters to clarify the pronunciation of the name, as many pronounced it "spats".[2][3] The second "a" was added, as it was in the European branch of his family, to draw out the sound like an "ah", similar to the "a" in "father." The name is thus correctly pronounced in American English identically to "spots".[4]
His father was astate senator who ran a printing shop and a small newspaper,The Berks County Democrat, which he published from 1904 to 1930. While a student his son worked as alinotype operator.[5]
_at_West_Point_in_1914.png)
Using his influence his father was able to obtain aWest Point appointment for his son.[5] It was while at West Point that Spaatz received his nickname "Tooey" because of his resemblance to another red-headed cadet named F.J. Toohey.[6] He graduated as asecond lieutenant of Infantry on 12 June 1914, ranked 57th out of a class of 107.[3] Among his fellow graduates included men such asWilliam H. Holcombe,James B. Cress,Charles P. Gross,Brehon B. Somervell,Robert W. Crawford, Dabney O. Elliott,Arthur R. Harris,LaRhett L. Stuart,John B. Anderson,Harry C. Ingles,James L. Bradley,John H. Woodberry,Harold F. Loomis,Harold R. Bull,Charles M. Milliken, Joseph W. Byron, Paul C. Paschal,Francis R. Kerr,Vicente Lim, Sylvester D. Downs Jr.,Orlando Ward, Benjamin G. Weir,Ralph Royce,William O. Ryan, Frank W. Milburn,John B. Thompson andJens A. Doe. All of them would later rise to the rank ofbrigadier general or higher in their later military careers.
Following his graduation from West Point as an infantry lieutenant he served with the25th Infantry atSchofield Barracks,Hawaii, until his assignment to theSignal Corps Aviation School at San Diego, California, between 13 October 1915, and 15 May 1916, for pilot training. He was detailed to theAviation Section, U.S. Signal Corps in Mexico on 8 June 1916, after earning hisJunior Military Aviator rating.
Spaatz served in theFirst Aero Squadron, which was attached to GeneralJohn J. Pershing during thePunitive Expedition. Spaatz was promoted tofirst lieutenant on 1 July 1916, and tocaptain on 15 May 1917, a few weeks after theAmerican entry into World War I.
Following America's entry into World War I, Spaatz was sent with theAmerican Expeditionary Forces (AEF) in command of the31st Aero Squadron. Spaatz was appointed Officer in Charge, American Aviation School atIssoudun Aerodrome, France but after receiving orders to return to the United States, he saw three weeks of action during the final months of the war with the13th Aero Squadron as a supernumerary pilot. In this brief period, Spaatz shot down three enemy planes[5] and was awarded theDistinguished Service Cross; during the time he was promoted to the temporary rank ofmajor on 17 June 1918.[citation needed]
In early 1919, Spaatz was appointed to lead one of the three "troupes" of the U.S. Army Air Service Victory Loan Flying Circus. His group consisted of about twenty-five officers and fifty enlisted men. His airplanes on the tour included five JN6 Jennies, five Fokker D VIIs, four RAE SE-5s and five Spad VIIs. The team gave promotional rides and flew aerial demonstrations across the Western and Southwestern United States from early April through mid-May 1919 to raise money to retire the World War I debt.[7]
Spaatz served in California and Texas and became assistant department air service officer for the Western Department in July 1919. Spaatz experienced the chaotic ups and downs in rank common to Regular officers in 1920, when theNational Defense Act of 1920 reorganized the military. He first reverted to his permanent rank of captain of Infantry on 27 February 1920. On 1 July, when theAir Service became a combatant arm of the line, he transferred to the Air Service as a captain, then was promoted to major on the same date by virtue of a provision in the National Defense Act that allowed officers who earned their rank in service with the AEF to retain it. This made him senior to a number of officers, includingHenry H. Arnold (his superior at the time), with greater longevity of service. On 18 December 1922, Spaatz was discharged when Congress set a new ceiling on the number of majors authorized for the Air Service, and reappointed as a captain, then promoted again to major on 1 February 1923.
As a major, Spaatz commandedKelly Field, Texas, from 5 October 1920, to February 1921, served atFort Sam Houston as air officer of the Eighth Corps Area until November 1921, and was commanding officer of the1st Pursuit Group, first atEllington Field, Texas, and later atSelfridge Field, Michigan, until 24 September 1924. He graduated from theAir Corps Tactical School,Langley Field, Virginia, in June 1925, and then served in the Office of the Chief of Air Corps at Washington, D.C. Later that year he testified for the defence at the court-martial of ColonelBilly Mitchell.
From 1 to 7 January 1929, Spaatz along with fellow Air Corps officers, CaptainIra Eaker and LieutenantElwood Quesada, both of whom would later become seniorUnited States Army Air Forces (USAAF) generals, established an aviation record by keeping the airplaneQuestion Mark in the air over the Los Angeles vicinity for over 150 hours. For his efforts he was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross.[5]
From 8 May 1929, to 29 October 1931, Spaatz commanded the7th Bombardment Group atRockwell Field, California, and the 1st Bombardment Wing atMarch Field, California, until 10 June 1933. He then served in the Office of the Chief of Air Corps and became chief of the Training and Operations Division. In August 1935, he enrolled in theCommand and General Staff School atFort Leavenworth, Kansas, and while there was promoted to lieutenant colonel on 16 September. He graduated in June 1936, and then served at Langley Field on the staff of Major GeneralFrank M. Andrews, commander of General Headquarters Air Force, until January 1939, when he returned to the Office of the Chief of Air Corps at Washington as assistant executive officer.
On 7 November 1939, Spaatz received a temporary promotion to colonel, and during theBattle of Britain in 1940, spent several weeks in England as a special military observer. This roving assignment when combined with his Teutonic name gave rise to rumors to which he once responded by signing in at a British airbase as "Col. Carl A. Spaatz, German spy."[5]
In August, he was assigned in the Office of the Chief of Air Corps, and two months later was appointed assistant to the chief of Air Corps, General Arnold, with the temporary rank of brigadier general. He became chief of the Plans Division of the Air Corps in November 1940, and the following July was named chief of the air staff atArmy Air Forces Headquarters.
 | This sectionneeds additional citations forverification. Please helpimprove this article byadding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.(May 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) |
Army Chief of StaffGeorge Marshall named Spaatz commander ofAir Force Combat Command in January 1942 and promoted him to the temporary rank ofmajor general. In May 1942 Spaatz became commander of theEighth Air Force and transferred its headquarters to England in July. Spaatz was placed in overall command of the USAAF in theEuropean Theater of Operations, while retaining his Eighth Air Force command. He was promoted to the permanent rank of Major General in September 1942. He was named commander of the Allied Northwest African Air Force in February 1943, theTwelfth Air Force in March 1943, theFifteenth Air Force, and Royal Air Forces in Italy in November 1943, and theU.S. Strategic Air Forces in Europe in January 1944. Spaatz received a temporary promotion tolieutenant general in March 1943.
"It is hard to think of another commander in the USAAF who had enough influence with General Eisenhower to hold off, as well as Spaatz did, the diversions proposed byLeigh-Mallory. Neither is it easy to think of any other who had both the perception to identifyoil targets as decisive and the strength to conserve a part of the U.S. strategic air striking power for them.[8]: 340
As commander of Strategic Air Forces, Spaatz directed the United States portion of thestrategic bombing campaign against Germany, directing the Eighth Air Force, which was then commanded by Lieutenant GeneralJimmy Doolittle, based in England, and the Fifteenth Air Force, which was now commanded by Lieutenant GeneralNathan Twining, based in Italy.
As the commander of Strategic Air Forces in Europe, Spaatz was under the direct command of GeneralDwight Eisenhower. In March 1944, Spaatz proposed theOil Plan for bombing, and in June 1944 during theOperation Crossbow priority bombing of V-1 sites aimed at the UK, Spaatz advocated, and received authorization from Eisenhower for, bombing of those targets at a lower priority. Spaatz also identified that "...the chimera of one air operation that will end the war...does not exist", and[8]: 273 advocatedTedder's plan "which retained the oil system in first position, but more clearly placed Germany's rail system in second priority", which encouraged Eisenhower to overrule Air Ministry fears that the "thrust against the oil industry" might be weakened.[8]: 260–1 Spaatz's "Oil Plan" became the highest bombing priority in September 1944. After the war, Eisenhower said that Spaatz, along with GeneralOmar Bradley, was one of the two American general officers who had contributed the most to the victory in Europe.
Spaatz received promotion to the rank of general on 11 March 1945. AfterVE Day he was transferred to the Pacific and assumed command of theU.S. Strategic Air Forces in the Pacific as part of thePacific Theatre of Operations, with headquarters onGuam, in July 1945. From this command, Spaatz directed the strategic bombing of Japan, including theatomic bombings ofHiroshima andNagasaki. Spaatz was present atReims when the Germans surrendered to the Americans on 7 May 1945; at Berlin when they surrendered to the Soviets on 8 May; and aboard thebattleshipMissouri inTokyo Bay when the Japanese surrendered on 2 September. He was the only man of general rank or equivalent present at all three of these acts of surrender. On 10 May, Spaatz conducted an interrogation ofHermann Göring along with an American historianBruce Campbell Hopper at the Ritter School inAugsburg, Germany.
_the_Gen._Spaatz_Award.jpg)
From 1948 until 1959, he served as the first Chairman ofCivil Air Patrol's National Board. In 1964, CAP honored him by making his name synonymous with the highest cadet achievement,C/Colonel. The award's first recipient being C/ColDouglas C. Roach fromMichigan Wing in November of the same year.[9][10] Since then, only 2,280 cadets have received this honor nationwide (as of February 2022).[11]
In July 1945, PresidentHarry S. Truman nominated Spaatz for promotion to the permanent rank ofgeneral. Spaatz succeeded Arnold as Commanding General of the Army Air Forces on 11 February 1946.[12][13] After the creation of the independent Air Force by theNational Security Act of 1947 and Truman's Executive Order No. 9877, Spaatz was appointed as the firstChief of Staff of the newUnited States Air Force in September 1947.[5]
Spaatz retired from the military at the rank of general on 30 June 1948,[14] and worked forNewsweekmagazine as military affairs editor until 1961. He also served on the Committee of Senior Advisors to the Air Force Chief of Staff from 1952 until his death; and was the first President of the Air Force Historical Foundation during 1953. In 1954, Spaatz was appointed to the congressional advisory board set up to determine the site for the newUnited States Air Force Academy.
Spaatz died at the Walter Reed Medical Center in Washington, D.C., on 14 July 1974, from congestive heart failure.[5]
He was buried at theAcademy'scemetery inColorado Springs, Colorado.[5]
Spaatz married Ruth Harrison in 1917. Ruth was born on 28 April 1896, in Fort Riley, Kansas. She died on 19 November 1989, in Maryland. The couple had three children.
Katherine ("Tattie") served in the American Red Cross mobile unit in England during World War II[15] and later married British intelligence officerWalter Bell (diplomat) in 1948. She died in 2005. Rebecca married Emmet B. Gresham, Jr. (25 March 1923 – 25 February 1954) on 13 February 1943.[16] Following his death Rebecca married Steven P. Nagel.[17]
Carla married Francis D. Thomas Jr. at Fort Myer on 4 April 1951.[18]
Source: USAF Historical Study 91:Biographical Data on Air Force General Officers, 1917–1952, Vol. II, "L-Z"
Command pilot
Junior Military Aviator
Combat Observer
 | Distinguished Service Cross[25] |
  | Distinguished Service Medal (with threeoak leaf clusters)[25] |
 | Legion of Merit[25] |
 | Distinguished Flying Cross[25] |
 | Bronze Star Medal |
 | Air Medal |
 | Mexican Service Medal |
  | World War I Victory Medal with three battle stars |
 | American Defense Service Medal |
 | American Campaign Medal |
 | Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal |
  | European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal with six battle stars |
 | World War II Victory Medal |
_Ribbon.png) | Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire (United Kingdom) |
  | Knight of the Order of the Crown with bronze palm (Belgium) |
_-_ribbon_bar.png) | Croix de Guerre with palm (Belgium) |
 | Grand Officer of theLegion of Honor (France) |
 | Croix de Guerre with bronze palm (France) |
 | Commander's Cross with Star (Krzyż Komandorski z Gwiazdą) of theOrder of Polonia Restituta (Poland) |
 | Grand Officer of theOrder of Orange-Nassau (Netherlands) |
 | Grand Cross of theOrder of St. Olav (Norway) |
 | Order of Suvorov Second Class (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics)[26][27] |
Spaatz also received theCollier Trophy for 1944 for "demonstrating the air power concept through employment of American aviation in the war against Germany."[citation needed]
The President of the United States of America, authorized by Act of Congress, 9 July 1918, takes pleasure in presenting the Distinguished Service Cross to Major (Air Service) Carl Andrew Spatz (ASN: 0–3706), United States Army Air Service, for extraordinary heroism in action while serving with13th Aero Squadron, U.S. Army Air Service, A.E.F., during the St. Mihiel offensive, 26 September 1918. Although he had received orders to go to the United States, Major Spatz begged for and received permission to serve with a pursuit squadron at the front. Subordinating himself to men of lower rank, he was attached to a squadron as a pilot and saw continuous and arduous service through the offensive. As a result of his efficient work he was promoted to the position of night commander. Knowing that another attack was to take place in the vicinity of Verdun, he remained on duty in order to take part. On the day of the attack west of the Meuse, while with his patrol over enemy lines, a number of enemy aircraft were encountered. In the combat that followed he succeeded in bringing down three enemy planes. In his ardor and enthusiasm he became separated from his patrol while following another enemy far beyond the lines. His gasoline giving out, he was forced to land and managed to land within friendly territory. Through these acts he became an inspiration and example to all men with whom he was associated.
| Insignia | Rank | Component | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| No insignia | Cadet | United States Military Academy | 1 March 1910 |
| No insignia in 1914 | Second Lieutenant | Regular Army | 12 June 1914 |
 | First Lieutenant | Regular Army | 1 July 1916 |
 | Captain | Regular Army | 15 May 1917 |
 | Major | National Army | 17 June 1918 |
| Captain | Regular Army | 27 February 1920 |
| Major | Regular Army | 1 July 1920 |
| Captain | Regular Army | 18 December 1922 |
| Major | Regular Army | 1 February 1923 |
 | Lieutenant Colonel | Regular Army | 16 September 1935 |
 | Colonel | Temporary | 7 November 1939 |
 | Brigadier General | Temporary | 2 October 1940 |
 | Major General | Army of the United States | 28 January 1942 |
| Colonel | Regular Army | 17 September 1942 |
 | Lieutenant General | Army of the United States | 12 March 1943 |
| Brigadier General | Regular Army | 1 September 1943 |
| Major General | Regular Army | 5 October 1944 |
 | General | Army of the United States | 11 March 1945 |
| General | United States Air Force | 18 September 1947 |
| General | U.S. Air Force, Retired | 30 June 1948 |
| Military offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Gen. of the Army Henry H. Arnold | Commanding General, United States Army Air Forces 1946–1947 | Office abolished Army Air Forces replaced byUnited States Air Force |
| New office | Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force 1947–1948 | Succeeded by Gen.Hoyt Vandenberg |
 |  | ||
