 | |
| Geographical range | Southern Europe,Near East,North Africa |
|---|---|
| Period | Neolithic |
| Dates | c. 6400 BC – c. 5500 BC |
| Major sites | Liguria,Sardinia,Coppa Nevigata |
| Preceded by | Neolithic Greece,Starčevo culture,Mesolithic Europe, |
| Followed by | Danilo culture,Kakanj culture,Stentinello culture,Neolithic Italy,Neolithic Malta,Neolithic Sardinia,Neolithic France,Neolithic Iberia,La Hoguette culture |
Cardium pottery orCardial ware is aNeolithic decorative style that gets its name from the imprinting of the clay with the heart-shaped shell of theCorculum cardissa, a member of thecockle familyCardiidae. These forms of pottery are in turn used to define the Neolithic culture which produced and spread them, commonly called the "Cardial culture".
The alternative name,impressed ware, is given by some archaeologists to define this culture, because impressions can be made with sharp objects other than cockle shells, such as a nail or comb.[1] Impressed pottery is much more widespread than the Cardial.[2] Impressed ware is found in the zone "covering Italy to the Ligurian coast" as distinct from the more western Cardial extending fromProvence to westernPortugal. The sequence inprehistoric Europe has traditionally been supposed to start with widespread Cardial ware, and then to develop other methods of impression locally, termed "epi-Cardial". However the widespread Cardial and Impressed pattern types overlap and are now considered more likely to be contemporary.[3]
Thispottery style gives its name to the main culture of theMediterranean Neolithic:Cardium pottery culture orCardial culture, orimpressed ware culture, which eventually extended from theAdriatic sea to theAtlantic coasts ofPortugal and south toMorocco.[4]
The earliest impressed ware sites, dating to 6400–6200 BC, are inEpirus andCorfu. Settlements then appear inAlbania andDalmatia on the eastern Adriatic coast dating to between 6100 and 5900 BC.[5] The earliest date in Italy comes fromCoppa Nevigata on the Adriatic coast of southern Italy, perhaps as early as 6000 cal B.C. Also during Su Carroppu culture in Sardinia, already in its early stages (low strata into Su Coloru cave, c. 6000 BC) early examples of cardial pottery appear.[6] Northward and westward all secure radiocarbon dates are identical to those for Iberia c. 5500 cal BC, which indicates a rapid spread of Cardial and related cultures: 2,000 km from the gulf of Genoa to the estuary of the Mondego in probably no more than 100–200 years. This suggests a seafaring expansion by planting colonies along the coast.[7]
Older Neolithic cultures existed already at this time in eastern Greece andCrete, apparently having arrived fromAnatolia, but they appear distinct from the Cardial or impressed ware culture. The ceramic tradition in the central Balkans also remained distinct from that along the Adriatic coastline in both style and manufacturing techniques for almost 1,000 years from the 6th millennium BC.[8] Early Neolithic impressed pottery is found in theLevant, and certain parts of Anatolia, includingMezraa-Teleilat, and in North Africa atTunus-Redeyef, Tunisia. Impressed pottery also appears in Egypt. Along the East Mediterranean coast impressed ware has been found in NorthSyria,Palestine andLebanon.[9]
Olalde et al. 2015 examined the remains of 6 Cardials buried in Spain c. 5470–5220 BC. The 6 samples ofmtDNA extracted belonged to the maternal haplogroupsK1a2a,X2c,H4a1a (2 samples),H3 andK1a4a1.[10] The authors of the study suggested that the Cardials and peoples of theLinear Pottery Culture were descended from a common farming population in theBalkans, which had subsequently migrated further westwards into Europe along theMediterranean coast andDanube river respectively.[11] Among modern populations, the Cardials were found to be most closely related toSardinians andBasque people.[12] The Iberian Cardials carried a noticeable amount of hunter-gatherer ancestry. This hunter-gatherer ancestry was more similar to that ofEastern Hunter-Gatherers (EHGs) than Iberian hunter-gatherers, and appeared to have been acquired before the Cardial expansion into Iberia.[13]
Fernández et al. 2014 found traces of maternal genetic affinity between people of the Linear Pottery Culture and Cardium pottery with earlier peoples of the Near EasternPre-Pottery Neolithic B, including the rare mtDNA (maternal) basal haplogroupN*, and suggested that Neolithic period was initiated by seafaring colonists from the Near East.[14]
Mathieson et al. 2018 examined three Cardials buried at the Zemunica Cave nearBisko in modern-dayCroatia c. 5800 BC.[15] The two samples ofY-DNA extracted belonged to the paternal haplogroupsC1a2 andE1b1b1a1b1, while the three samples ofmtDNA extracted belonged to the maternal haplogroupsH1,K1b1a andN1a1.[16] The team further examined two Cardials buried at Kargadur in modern-day Croatia c. 5600 BC. The one male carried the paternal haplogroupG2a2a1, and the maternal haplogroupH7c, the female carriedH5a.[17] All three belonged to theEarly European Farmer (EEF) cluster, thus being closely related to earlier Neolithic populations of north-west Anatolia, of the Balkan Neolithic, contemporary peoples of the Central European Linear Pottery culture, and later peoples of the Cardial Ware culture inIberia. This would suggest that the Cardial Ware people and the Linear Pottery people were derived from a single migration from Anatolia into the Balkans, which then split into two and expanded northward and westward further into Europe.[18]
Five individuals buried in two sites linked to Impressa ware were tested geneticaly (Grotta Continenza in Trasacco, and Ripabianca di Monterado in Ancona), the males had Y-chromosomes G-L91 (G2a2a1a2), R-M343 (R1b), J-L26 (J2a1) and J-M304 (J*). These Neolithic individuals could be modeled as a mixture of ~5% Western hunter-gatherer and ~95% Anatolian farmers (who carried an additional Caucasian HG ancestry).[19]
Five herders with Cardium pottery were buried in a cave of the AragonesePre-Pyrenees (Cueva de Chaves, Bastarás, Huesca province), the genetic analysis found that the Y-haplogroup of two males was I2a1b, being the other male assigned toR1b-M343. Admixture models found that their ancestry was 4/5 Anatolian-like and 1/5Villabruna-like.[20]
The remains of three transhumant herders found in Cova dels Trocs (Sant Feliu de Veri, Bisaurri, in the Spanish Pyrenees) were analized, the Y-chomosomes were: R1b1, F*. and I2a1a.[21][22]
Three individuals buried in the Pendimoun rock-shelter (Castellar,Alpes-Maritimes) were tested geneticaly, the male individual carried Y-haplogroup I-M423 (I2a1a2b).[23]
Two individuals from the Cardial cave Gruta do Caldeirão (municipality of Tomar, in central Portugal) were assigned to Y-chromosome haplogroup I2a1a.[24]
Four individuals from the Kaf Taht el-Ghar site (a cave near Tétouan, in theRif) were analyzed, the only Y-haplogroup found in the two males was G2a (subclade G2a2b2a1a1c1a); the autosomal components of the buried were Anatolian Neolithic ancestry (72%), Western Hunter-Gatherer ancestry (10%) and local Maghrebi ancestry (18%).[25]
The late-NeolithicKehf el Baroud inhabitants in present-dayMorocco (c. 3700 BC) were modelled as being of about 50% local North African ancestry and 50% Early European Farmer (EEF) ancestry. It was suggested that EEF ancestry had entered North Africa through Cardial Ware colonists from Iberia sometime between 5000 and 3700 BC. They were found to be closely related to theGuanches of theCanary Islands. The authors of the study suggested that theBerbers of Morocco carried a substantial amount of EEF ancestry before the establishment ofRoman colonies in Berber Africa.[26] According to Simões (2023) human remains from the earliest Neolithic contexts in northwestern Africa had European Neolithic ancestry (c. 5400 BC), indicating that the first stages of the Neolithisation process in northwestern Africa were started by the migration of Neolithic farmers from Iberia. The earliest pottery in theTingitan peninsula (the African portion of theGibraltar Strait) was also of Cardial type, with clear affinities to archaic Cardial pottery fromCatalonia–Valencia.[27]
| C1a | E1b | G2a | I2a | J2a | R1b |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 1 | 4 | 5 | 2 | 3 |
