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Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand of Austria

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(Redirected fromCardinal-Infante Ferdinand)
Spanish and Portuguese prince (1609-1641)

Infante Ferdinand
Cardinal-Deacon ofSanta Maria in Portico
Portrait byGaspar de Crayer (1584–1669)
ChurchCatholic Church
Installed29 July 1619
Term ended9 November 1641
PredecessorFerdinando Gonzaga
SuccessorVirginio Orsini
Other postsApostolic Administrator of Toledo
Governor of the Spanish Netherlands
Governor of the Duchy of Milan
Orders
Created cardinal29 July 1619
byPaul V
RankCardinal-Deacon
Personal details
Born(1609-05-16)16 May 1609
Died9 November 1641(1641-11-09) (aged 32)
BuriedEl Escorial
DenominationCatholic
ParentsPhilip III of Spain
Margaret of Austria
Governmental posts
Governor of the Spanish Netherlands
In office
1 December 1630 – 9 November 1641
MonarchPhilip IV
Preceded byIsabella Clara Eugenia
Succeeded byFrancisco de Melo
as acting governor
Governor of the Duchy of Milan
In office
1633 – July 1634
MonarchPhilip IV
Preceded byGómez Suárez de Figueroa
Succeeded byCardinal Gil de Albornoz

Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand (also known asDon Fernando de Austria,Cardenal-Infante Fernando de España and asFerdinand von Österreich; 16 May 1609 – 9 November 1641) was a Spanish and Portuguese prince (Infante of Spain, Infante of Portugal (until 1640)),Governor of the Spanish Netherlands,Cardinal of the Holy Catholic Church,Archduke of Austria,Archbishop of Toledo (1619–1641), and a general during theThirty Years' War, theEighty Years' War, and theFranco-Spanish War. He is commonly considered the last great commander and strategist of theSpanish Empire, whose premature death in a critical moment helped bring about the end of Spanish hegemony in Europe.[1]

Biography

[edit]
House of Habsburg
Spanish line
Emperor Charles V
(King Charles I)
Children
Philip II of Spain
Maria, Holy Roman Empress
Joan, Princess of Portugal
Don John (illegitimate)
Margaret of Parma (illegitimate)
Philip II
Children include
Carlos, Prince of Asturias
Isabella, Lady of the Netherlands
Catherine Michaela, Duchess of Savoy
Philip III of Spain
Maria of Spain
Philip III
Children include
Anne, Queen of France
Philip IV of Spain
Maria Anna, Holy Roman Empress
Infante Carlos
Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand
Philip IV
Children include
Balthasar Charles, Prince of Asturias
Maria Theresa, Queen of France
Margaret, Holy Roman Empress
Philip Prospero, Prince of Asturias
Charles II of Spain
Charles II

Youth

[edit]

Born at theEl Escorial nearMadrid, Spain in 1609, he was the son of theKing of Spain andPortugal,Philip III and II andMargaret of Austria, sister ofEmperor Ferdinand II.[2] His older siblings wereKing Philip IV and III and the French queenAnne of Austria.

As his father wished that he pursue an ecclesiastical career, Ferdinand was elevated to the Primacy of Spain in 1619, becomingArchbishop of Toledo.[3] Shortly afterwards he was createdCardinal. The style Cardinal-Infante was a combination of his dignity as Cardinal and his station as a royal Prince (Infante in Spanish) of Spain.

Events leading to the Battle of Nördlingen

[edit]

In 1630 the Cardinal Infante's auntIsabella Clara Eugenia planned to make him her successor as governor of theSpanish Netherlands. To move to the Netherlands in a style befitting a governor, a strong army had to accompany him. Travel by ship from Spain was not an option as it would expose him to risk of battle with the Dutch navy in the then ongoingEighty Years' War, so in 1633, he went toGenoa, having quit his governorship ofCatalonia where he had been trained. He met with an army from Milan for a planned march through the famousSpanish Way acrossLombardy,Tyrol, andSwabia, and then following theRhine to the Netherlands. Ferdinand also planned to secure this supply route with a string of garrisons, and to support the army of KingFerdinand III of Hungary, his brother-in-law the emperor's son and heir, who was leading the Imperial army facing the Swedes in theThirty Years' War.

Since disease delayed his travels, he sent half of his army ahead under the command of theDuke of Feria. However, this army was severely depleted during fighting with the Swedish army ofBernhard of Saxe-Weimar andGustaf Horn. The Spanish requested 4000 cavalry from the Imperial generalAlbrecht von Wallenstein, but this being denied, the Spanish had to fund the troops on their own. The Cardinal-Infante was able to continue his travels in 1634, collecting inBavaria the remains of the army of Feria, who had died in January 1634.

Battle of Nördlingen

[edit]
Main article:Battle of Nördlingen (1634)

Meanwhile, Ferdinand of Hungary was able to defeat the Swedish army atRegensburg in July 1634. Ferdinand and his cousin the Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand then raced to merge their armies. The Swedish forces of Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar and Gustaf Horn desperately tried to prevent this merger, but were unable to catch up with Ferdinand of Hungary. The Cardinal-Infante crossed theDanube in August 1634. In September both armies were able to merge, and camped south ofNördlingen inSwabia. At that time Nördlingen was protected by a small Swedish garrison. Shortly thereafter, the armies of Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar and Gustaf Horn also reached Nördlingen, preparing the events for the decisiveBattle of Nördlingen. Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand and his cousinFerdinand then prepared for battle, ignoring the advice of the more experienced generals, such as the Imperial generalMatthias Gallas. Bernhard and Horn also prepared for battle, but they were by now rivals and in disagreement with each other. They also underestimated the numerically superior enemy forces, due to incorrect reports that did not realize the Spanish Army of the late Duke of Feria had joined the Cardinal-Infante and believed that the enemy forces numbered only 7,000, not 21,000 infantry, compared to 16,000 Swedish infantry. During the battle, almost anything that could go wrong went wrong for the Swedish forces, in large part due to the efforts of the Spanish Infantry, so that the two Ferdinands achieved a great victory. The Swedish army that fled toHeilbronn was only a shadow of its former self.

The Spanish Netherlands

[edit]
Archduke Ferdinand in 1635 depicted by Flemish painterPeter Paul Rubens. Collection of John and Mable Ringling Museum of Art

The King of Hungary tried to convince his cousin to stay and to strengthen their hold on Germany, but the Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand moved his troops almost immediately after the battle to continue toBrussels. At the end of 1634 he entered Brussels with all the glory befitting a Governor-General. Due to the unpopularity of the clergy in Brussels, he downplayed his religious status and instead emphasized his worldly ranks. Ferdinand was a skilled politician and diplomat, and quickly reformed the government and the military. He especially managed to win the support of theFlemings against France. However, his powers were secretly limited, and the leader of his army was instructed to follow Spanish orders instead of Ferdinand's orders if necessary.

In 1635, the French attackedNamur, planning to merge with the Dutch nearMaastricht but were held off by well prepared defenses. At thesiege of Leuven, the invading Franco-Dutch forces, suffering badly from supply problems and greatly depleted by disease and desertion, were forced to withdraw when a Spanish relief force arrived. This allowed Spanish forces under Ferdinand to go on the offensive. The Dutch were driven back and the French retreated. Ferdinand subsequently was able to captureDiest,Goch,Gennep,Limbourg, andSchenkenschanz.

"France declared war on me (on me, not on my brotherPhilip) and I've since then had to fight against their armies and the intrigues of our brother-in-lawLouis and his relentless ministerRichelieu." –Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand[4]

Coat of Arms of the Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand of Spain.
"Ferdinand Receives the Keys of the City from the Virgin of Ghent", print after a painting made byAntoon van den Heuvel for theJoyous Entry by the Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand intoGhent in 1635

In 1636, Ferdinand disempowered the last Protestant priests in the Spanish Netherlands, and continued his military counter-offensive by capturingHirson,Le Catelet, andLa Capelle, and securingLuxembourg using the usual mixed nationalities typical of the early modern age that includedCroatian troops, and reaching as far a stronghold in France asCorbie during theCrossing of the Somme, threatening Paris.

In 1637, with Spanish forces concentrated in the fight with the French, a relatively lightly defendedBreda, that had been under Spanish control for twelve years, wasrecaptured by the Dutch after a 3-month siege by thePrince of Orange. The loss of Breda was a blow to Spanish prestige but was of much less strategic significance than the gains made by Ferdinand during its course in taking the Dutch towns ofVenlo andRoermond in theMeuse valley, effectively cuttingMaastricht from the Dutch Republic and, thus, preventing further Dutch attacks on the Spanish Netherlands from the east.[5][6] In the southern front Ferdinand lost the towns ofLa Capelle,Landrecies, andDamvillers to the French, but then he forced them to retreat south ofMaubeuge.[7]

In 1638, Ferdinand's army successfully defendedAntwerp,Saint-Omer andGeldern from the Dutch and French armies.[8] His defense of Antwerp led to theBattle of Kallo, where Ferdinand achieved a crushing victory over the Dutch army while heavily outnumbered. In a letter to his brother the King of Spain shortly afterwards, Ferdinand described the battle as "the greatest victory which your Majesty's arms have achieved since the war in the Low Countries began".[9]

In 1639, Ferdinand managed again to thwart Franco-Dutch plans. The Dutch navy destroyed an important Spanish fleet in theBattle of the Downs, off the English coast, but it failed to prevent most of the army it was carrying, some 7,000 to 10,500 infantry, from landing at Dunkirk.[10] While Ferdinand frustrated the Prince of Orange's move againstHulst, an Imperial-Spanish army underCount Piccolomini destroyed the main French army in the south at theBattle of Thionville.[10]

Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand of Austria asActaeon byDiego Velázquez

In 1640, Dutch attacks on Hulst andBruges were repelled by the local Spanish garrisons under the Cardinal-Infante.[11] In the south, after a failed attack on the Spanish fortress ofCharlemont inGivet, a combined Dutch and French army underGaspard III de Coligny and Frederick Henry launched a great offensive uponArras, the capital of the County of Artois. The city finally surrendered on 9 August, marking the first victory of importance for the French in the war after five years of fighting.[12]

Fall from grace

[edit]

More dangerous than his military enemies, however, were his enemies at the Spanish court. Numerous rumours and lies floated about, and it was claimed that Ferdinand was planning to become an independent ruler of the Spanish Netherlands with the help of the French King, an enemy of Spain. This rumour was enhanced by another rumour that the French court was planning to marry Ferdinand toAnne Marie Louise d'Orléans, Duchess of Montpensier, the (eldest) daughter ofGaston, Duke of Orléans, the French king's brother. The former claim was untrue however his sisterAnne of Austria did suggest a marriage between Ferdinand and Anne Marie Louise, the greatest heiress in Europe. Making matters worse, the Spanish empire was under intense pressure militarily and financially; the Cardinal-Infante was even given conflicting orders to send troops to Spain to aid against the 1640Portuguese uprising.

Death and succession

[edit]
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Ferdinand fell ill during battles in 1641 and died on 9 November 1641 inBrussels at age 32.[13] It was thought that death was caused by exhaustion combined with ill health. Reports talk about astomach ulcer, but rumors also claimed that he waspoisoned. Before his death, he had anillegitimate daughter, Marie Anne de la Croix, born in Brussels in 1641 and died anun in Madrid in 1715. The Cardinal-Infante would leave behind quite a legacy which was unfortunately never exceeded. The Spanish Netherlands would only begin its decline not long after his death. His body was brought to Spain in 1643, and 12,000requiem Masses were performed in accordance with his last wishes. He was buried in the Panteón de Infantes.

Disputes about his successor as the Governor-General of the Spanish Netherlands destroyed the alliance between the Emperor inVienna and the Spanish in Madrid. The Emperor (by now the Cardinal-Infante's old comrade in arms, Ferdinand III) favored his brotherArchduke Leopold Wilhelm of Austria, a militarily unfortunate but otherwise capable ruler. Madrid favoredJohn of Austria the Younger, the twelve-year-old illegitimate son ofPhilip IV and the actressMaría Calderón. Theinauguration of the unpopular bastard was delayed, and the rule of the Spanish Netherlands was taken over byFrancisco de Mello, Marquis of Terceira.

Legacy

[edit]

From a young age, the Cardinal-Infante was ever longing for a life as a soldier. He had never shown vocation in religion, rather, as a child, he was interested in guns, horses, and war.[14] He lacked friends growing up, and felt his interests were thrown aside in favor of political movements conducted by his father,Philip III, and theDuke of Lerma.[14] Ferdinand was given the religious role out of his two brothers as he was the youngest, and according to royal tradition, pertained to ecclesiastical responsibilities.[15] It was only after his governorship over Catalonia that he would finally be able to achieve what he'd been longing for during his short yet highly intensive military career. He was resoundingly successful and considered by many, including his own brotherPhilip IV, as the best general of his generation, being referred to as the "Infante-Cardinal."[16][17] Many contemporary sources consider him as the last great general of theSpanish Empire.[16] Provided below is the list of battles recorded on Wikipedia in which the Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand has held command:

DateBattleAllied commandersOpposing commandersResult
6 September 1634Battle of Nördlingen

Spanish EmpireCardinal-Infante Ferdinand
Spanish EmpireCount Leganés
Holy Roman EmpireFerdinand of Hungary
Holy Roman EmpireMatthias Gallas
Holy Roman EmpireOttavio Piccolomini

Swedish EmpireGustav Horn  (POW)
Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar
Johann von Scharffenstein  (POW)		Imperial-Spanish victory
24 June – 4 July 1635Siege of LeuvenSpanish EmpireCardinal-Infante Ferdinand
Spanish EmpireAnthonie Schetz
Holy Roman EmpireOttavio Piccolomini		Dutch RepublicFrederick Henry
Kingdom of FranceMarquis de Brézé
Kingdom of FranceMaréchal de Châtillon		Imperial-Spanish victory
27–28 July 1635Capture of SchenkenschansSpainCardinal-Infante Ferdinand
SpainEyndhouts		Dutch Republic UnknownSpanish victory
July 1636(exact date unknown)Siege of HirsonSpainCardinal-Infante FerdinandKingdom of FranceMaréchal de ChâtillonSpanish victory
2–5 July 1636Siege of Le CateletSpainCardinal-Infante FerdinandKingdom of FranceMaréchal de ChâtillonSpanish victory
2–8 July 1636Siege of La CapelleSpainCardinal-Infante FerdinandKingdom of FranceMaréchal de ChâtillonSpanish victory
5 August 1636Crossing of the SommeSpainCardinal-Infante Ferdinand
SpainPrince of Carignano
Holy Roman EmpireOttavio Piccolomini		Kingdom of FranceLouis, Count of SoissonsImperial-Spanish victory
7–15 August 1636Siege of CorbieSpainCardinal-Infante Ferdinand
SpainPrince of Carignano
Holy Roman EmpireOttavio Piccolomini		Kingdom of FranceLouis, Count of SoissonsImperial-Spanish victory
20 – 25 August 1637Siege of VenloSpainCardinal-Infante FerdinandDutch RepublicNicolaas van BrederodeSpanish victory
31 August – 1 September 1637Capture of RoermondSpainCardinal-Infante FerdinandDutch RepublicCarpentierSpanish victory
24 May – 16 July 1638Siege of Saint-OmerSpainCardinal-Infante Ferdinand
SpainPrince of Carignano
Holy Roman EmpireOttavio Piccolomini		Kingdom of FranceMaréchal de Châtillon
Kingdom of FranceDuc de La Force		Imperial-Spanish victory
20–21 June 1638Battle of KalloSpainCardinal-Infante Ferdinand

Spanish EmpireAndrea Cantelmo

Dutch RepublicFrederick Henry
Dutch RepublicWilliam of Nassau-Siegen		Spanish victory
1–9 July 1640Siege of HulstSpainCardinal-Infante FerdinandDutch RepublicFrederick HenrySpanish victory

Ancestry

[edit]
Ancestors of Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand of Austria
16.Philip I of Castile[24] (= 24)
8.Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor[20] (= 22)
17.Joanna I of Castile[24] (= 25)
4.Philip II of Spain[18]
18.Manuel I of Portugal[25]
9.Isabella of Portugal[20] (= 23)
19.Maria of Aragon[25]
2.Philip III of Spain
20.Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor[26] (= 12, 30)
10.Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor[21]
21.Anne of Bohemia and Hungary[26] (= 13, 31)
5.Anna of Austria[18] (≠ 15)
22.Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor[27] (= 8)
11.Maria of Austria[21]
23.Isabella of Portugal[27] (= 9)
1.Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand
24.Philip I of Castile[28][24] (= 16)
12.Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor[22] (= 20, 30)
25.Joanna I of Castile[24] (= 17)
6.Charles II, Archduke of Inner Austria[19]
26.Vladislaus II of Hungary and Bohemia[29]
13.Anne of Bohemia and Hungary[22] (= 21, 31)
27.Anne of Foix-Candale[29]
3.Margaret of Austria
28.William IV, Duke of Bavaria[30]
14.Albert V, Duke of Bavaria[23]
29.Marie of Baden-Sponheim[30]
7.Maria Anna of Bavaria[19]
30.Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor[31] (= 12, 20)
15.Anna of Austria[23] (≠ 5)
31.Anne of Bohemia and Hungary[31] (= 13, 21)

Male-line family tree

[edit]
House of Habsburg[n 1]
 Original line
Albert
Count of Habsburg
c. 1188–1239
Rudolf I
of Germany
c. 1218–1291
Albert I
of Germany
1255–1308		Hartmann
1263–1281		Rudolf II
Duke of Austria
1270–1290
Rudolf I
of Bohemia
1281–1307		Frederick
the Fair
c. 1289–1330		Leopold I
Duke of Austria
1290–1326		Albert II
Duke of Austria
1298–1358		Henry
the Friendly
1299–1327		Otto
Duke of Austria
1301–1339		John
Parricida
c. 1290–1312/1313
 Albertinian line Leopoldian line
Rudolf IV
Duke of Austria
1339–1365		Frederick III
1347–1362		Albert III
Duke of Austria
1349–1395		Leopold III
Duke of Austria
1351–1386		Frederick II
Duke of Austria
1327–1344		Leopold II
Duke of Austria
1328–1344
Albert IV
Duke of Austria
1377–1404		William
Duke of Austria
c. 1370–1406		Leopold IV
Duke of Austria
1371–1411		Ernest
Duke of Austria
1377–1424		Frederick IV
Duke of Austria
1382–1439
Albert II
of Germany
1397–1439		Frederick III
HRE
1415–1493		Albert VI
Archduke of Austria
1418–1463		Sigismund
Archduke of Austria
1427–1496
Ladislaus
the Posthumous
1440–1457		Maximilian I
HRE
1459–1519
Philip I
of Castile
1478–1506
 Spanish /Iberianline Austrian /HRE line
Charles V
HRE
1500–1558		Ferdinand I
HRE
1503–1564
Philip II
of Spain
1527–1598		Maximilian II
HRE
1527–1576		Ferdinand II
Archduke of Austria
1529–1595		Charles II
Archduke of Austria
1540–1590
Carlos
Prince of Asturias
1545–1568		Philip III
of Spain
1578–1621		Rudolf II
HRE
1552–1612		Ernest
of Austria
1553–1595		Matthias
HRE
1557–1619		Maximilian III
Archduke of Austria
1558–1618		Albert VII
Archduke of Austria
1559–1621		Wenceslaus
Archduke of Austria
1561–1578		Andrew
Margrave of Burgau
1558–1600		Charles
Margrave of Burgau
1560–1618		Ferdinand II
HRE
1578–1637		Maximilian Ernest
of Austria
1583–1616		Leopold V
Archduke of Austria
1586–1632		Charles
of Austria
1590–1624
Philip IV
of Spain
1605–1665		Charles
of Austria
1607–1632		Ferdinand
of Austria
1609–1641		John-Charles
of Austria
1605–1619		Ferdinand III
HRE
1608–1657		Leopold Wilhelm
of Austria
1614–1662		Ferdinand Charles
Archduke of Austria
1628–1662		Sigismund Francis
Archduke of Austria
1630–1665
Balthasar Charles
Prince of Asturias
1629–1646		Charles II
of Spain
1661–1700		Ferdinand IV
King of the Romans
1633–1654		Leopold I
HRE
1640–1705		Charles Joseph
of Austria
1649–1664
Joseph I
HRE
1678–1711		Charles VI
HRE
1685–1740
 Lorraine
Maria Theresa
HRE
1740–1780		Francis I
HRE
1745–1765
 Habsburg-Lorraine
Joseph II
HRE
1765–1790		Leopold II
HRE
1790–1792
Francis II
HRE
1792–1806
Notes:
  1. ^"Habsburg family tree".Habsburg family website. 28 October 2023. Retrieved11 September 2001.

Notes

[edit]

References

[edit]

Citations

[edit]
  1. ^Benavides López-Escobar 2021, p. 55.
  2. ^Parker & Adams 1984, p. 292.
  3. ^Zimmerman 1899, p. 166.
  4. ^Benavides López-Escobar 2021, p. 311.
  5. ^Van Nimwegen 2010, pp. 254–255.
  6. ^'t Hart 2014, p. 27
  7. ^Thion 2008, p. 23.
  8. ^González de León 2009, p. 235.
  9. ^Israel 1997, p. 83.
  10. ^abVan Nimwegen 2010, p. 260
  11. ^Guthrie 2007, p. 168.
  12. ^Maffi 2014, p. 36.
  13. ^Griffis 1919, p. 231.
  14. ^abBenavides López-Escobar 2021, p. 307.
  15. ^Benavides López-Escobar 2021, p. 14.
  16. ^abBenavides López-Escobar 2021, p. 8.
  17. ^De Aedo Y Gallart 1635
  18. ^abWurzbach, Constantin von, ed. (1861)."Habsburg, Philipp III." .Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich [Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire] (in German). Vol. 7. p. 120 – viaWikisource.
  19. ^abWurzbach, Constantin von, ed. (1861)."Habsburg, Margaretha (Königin von Spanien)" .Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich [Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire] (in German). Vol. 7. p. 13 – viaWikisource.
  20. ^abKurth, Godefroid (1911)."Philip II" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 12. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  21. ^abWurzbach, Constantin von, ed. (1860)."Habsburg, Anna von Oesterreich (Königin von Spanien)" .Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich [Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire] (in German). Vol. 6. p. 151 – viaWikisource.
  22. ^abWurzbach, Constantin von, ed. (1860)."Habsburg, Karl II. von Steiermark" .Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich [Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire] (in German). Vol. 6. p. 352 – viaWikisource.
  23. ^abWurzbach, Constantin von, ed. (1861)."Habsburg, Maria von Bayern" .Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich [Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire] (in German). Vol. 7. p. 20 – viaWikisource.
  24. ^abcdCharles V, Holy Roman Emperor at theEncyclopædia Britannica
  25. ^abWurzbach, Constantin von, ed. (1860)."Habsburg, Elisabeth (Isabella von Portugal)" .Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich [Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire] (in German). Vol. 6. p. 169 – viaWikisource.
  26. ^abWurzbach, Constantin von, ed. (1861)."Habsburg, Maximilian II." .Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich [Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire] (in German). Vol. 7. p. 103 – viaWikisource.
  27. ^abWurzbach, Constantin von, ed. (1861)."Habsburg, Maria von Spanien" .Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich [Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire] (in German). Vol. 7. p. 19 – viaWikisource.
  28. ^Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor at theEncyclopædia Britannica
  29. ^abObermayer-Marnach, Eva (1953)."Anna Jagjello".Neue Deutsche Biographie (in German). Vol. 1. Berlin: Duncker & Humblot. p. 299. (full text online).
  30. ^abGoetz, Walter (1953)."Albrecht V.".Neue Deutsche Biographie (in German). Vol. 1. Berlin: Duncker & Humblot. pp. 158–160. (full text online).
  31. ^abWurzbach, Constantin von, ed. (1860)."Habsburg, Anna von Oesterreich (1528–1587)" .Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich [Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire] (in German). Vol. 6. p. 151 – viaWikisource.

Sources

[edit]
  • Benavides López-Escobar, José Ignacio (2021).El Cardenal Infante (La esperanza frustrada de la monarquía hispánica, 1609-1641). La Esfera de los Libros.ISBN 978-8491648659.
  • De Aedo Y Gallart, D. (1635).El memorable y glorioso viaje del infante cardenal D. Fernando de Austria.
  • González de León, Fernando (2009).The Road to Rocroi: Class, Culture and Command in the Spanish Army of Flanders, 1567-1659. Leiden: Brill.ISBN 9789004170827.
  • Griffis, William Elliot (1919).Belgium: the land of art: its history, legends, industry and modern expansion. Houghton Mifflin Co.
  • Guthrie, William P. (2007).The Later Thirty Years War: From the Battle of Wittstock to the Treaty of Westphalia. Westport: Greenwood Press.ISBN 9780313324086.
  • 't Hart, Marjolein (2014).The Dutch Wars of Independence: Warfare and Commerce in the Netherlands 1570-1680. Oxon: Routledge.ISBN 9781317812548.
  • Israel, Jonathan (1997).Conflicts of Empires: Spain, the Low Countries and the Struggle for World Supremacy, 1585-1713. London: The Hambledon Press.ISBN 9781852851613.
  • Maffi, Davide (2014). "La gran ilusión: Francia en guerra (1635–1643)".Desperta Ferro Moderna. No. 9. Madrid.ISSN 2255-0542.
  • Parker, Geoffrey; Adams, Simon (1984).The Thirty Years' War. Routledge.
  • Thion, Stéphane (2008).French Armies of the Thirty Years' War. Auzielle: LRT Editions.ISBN 9782917747018.
  • Van Nimwegen, Olaf (2010).The Dutch Army and the Military Revolutions, 1588-1688. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press.ISBN 9781843835752.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link)
  • Zimmerman, Benedict (1899).Carmel in England. Burns & Oates, Limited.

External links

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Wikimedia Commons has media related toCardinal-Infante Ferdinand of Austria.
Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand of Austria
Born: 16 May 1609 Died: 9 November 1641
Government offices
Preceded byGovernor of the Duchy of Milan
1633–1634		Succeeded by
Preceded byGovernor of the Habsburg Netherlands
1634–1641		Succeeded by
Catholic Church titles
Preceded byas ArchbishopApostolic Administrator of the Archdiocese of Toledo
1620–1641		Succeeded byas Archbishop
The generations indicate descent fromCarlos I, under whom the crowns of Castile and Aragon were united, forming the Kingdom of Spain. Previously, the title Infante had been largely used in the different realms.
1st generation
2nd generation
3rd generation
4th generation
5th generation
  • None
6th generation
  • None
7th generation
8th generation
9th generation
10th generation
11th generation
12th generation
13th generation
14th generation
15th generation
16th generation
  • None
  • 1title granted by Royal Decree
  • 2consort to an Infanta naturalized as a Spanish Infante
Generations are numbered by male-line descent from the first archdukes. Later generations are included although Austrian titles of nobility were abolished in 1919.
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Habsburg
Tuscany
Palatines
of Hungary
17th generation
Descent of
Charles I
Tuscany
Palatines
18th generation
Charles
19th generation
Charles
  • S:also an infante of Spain
  • P:also an infante of Portugal
  • T:also a prince of Tuscany
  • M:also a prince of Modena
  • B:also a prince of Belgium
1st generation
2nd generation
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7th generation
8th generation
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18th generation
  • None
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* also an infante of Castile and León, Aragon, Sicily and Naples,  §also an infante of Spain and an archduke of Austria,  #also an infante of Spain,  ‡also an imperial prince of Brazil,  also a prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Duke in Saxony,  ◙also a prince of Braganza,  ¤title removed in 1920 as their parents' marriage was deemed undynastic,  ƒclaimant infante
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