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| Cardamom Hills | |
|---|---|
 Tea plantation on Cardamom Hills | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 2,695 m (8,842 ft) |
| Coordinates | 9°52′0″N77°09′0″E / 9.86667°N 77.15000°E /9.86667; 77.15000 |
| Naming | |
| Language of name | Malayalam |
| Geography | |
| Parent range | Western Ghats |
| Geology | |
| Rock age(s) | Cenozoic, 100 to 80mya |
| Mountain type(s) | Fault (Archaean continental collision)[1] |
| Climbing | |
| Easiest route | SH 19,SH 33(Satellite view) |
TheCardamom Hills orYela Mala are mountain range of southern India and part of the southernWestern Ghats located inIdukki district,Kerala,India. Their name comes from thecardamom spice grown in much of the hills' cool elevation, which also supportspepper andcoffee. The Western Ghats and Periyar Sub-Cluster including the Cardamom Hills areUNESCOWorld Heritage Sites.[2]
The Cardamom Hills central point is about9°52′N77°09′E / 9.867°N 77.150°E /9.867; 77.150. They cover about 2,800 km2 of mountainous terrain with deep valleys, and includes the drainages of the west flowingPeriyar,Mullayar andPamba rivers. It includesIdukki Dam andMullaperiyar Dam. They conjoin theAnaimalai Hills to the northwest, thePalani Hills to the northeast and thePothigai to the south as far as theAryankavu pass (at c. 9° N). The crest of the hills form the boundary between Kerala and Tamil Nadu.Anamudi (8,842 ft (2,695 m)) inEravikulam National Park, is the highest peak in Western Ghats and also the highest point in India south of theHimalayas.[3][4]
The hills experience average dailytemperatures of 15 °C inwinter to 31 °C in summer (April–May). The annual rainfall of 2,000 mm to 3,000 mm in Periyar decreases to less than 1,500 mm in the east in Srivilliputtur Wildlife Sanctuary. On the western side, two-thirds of the precipitation is received during the southwestmonsoon from June to September. The areas also receive rainfall from the northeast monsoon (October–December) and from pre-monsoon showers (April–May).
Elevation ranges between 300–2,700 metres (980–8,860 ft) and 2,695 metres (8,842 ft) aboveMSL.
There are several named peaks over 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) in the mountain range including:
| Name | Altitude | Location |
|---|---|---|
| Anamudi | 2,695 metres (8,842 ft)[3] | Eravikulam National Park |
| Meesapulimala | 2,640 metres (8,660 ft) | Munnar |
| Kattumala | 2,552 metres (8,373 ft) | Idukki |
| Devimala | 2,523 metres (8,278 ft) | Devikulam |
| Kumarikkal Mala | 2,522 metres (8,274 ft) | Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary |
| Eravimala | 2,400 metres (7,900 ft) | Munnar |
| Nandala Mala | 2,372 metres (7,782 ft) | Marayur |
| Kottakombu Mala | 2,144 metres (7,034 ft) | Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary |
| Kottamala | 2,019 metres (6,624 ft) | Thekkady |
| Karimkulam | 2,585 metres (8,481 ft) | Munnar |
| Pambadum Chola | 2,438 metres (7,999 ft) | Vattavada |
| Karimala | 2,100 metres (6,900 ft) | Idukki |
| Devicolam | 2,130 metres (6,990 ft) | Devikulam |
| Vagavara | 2,400 metres (7,900 ft) | Idukki |
| Anchanad | 2,164 metres (7,100 ft) | Idukki |
| Peradu Mala | 2,225 metres (7,300 ft) | Idukki |
| Ghudoor | 2,408 metres (7,900 ft) | Idukki |
| Kabula | 2,195 metres (7,201 ft) | Idukki |
| Mukuthi Mala | 2,560 metres (8,400 ft) | Munnar |
These hills are made up largely of several contiguousprotected areas intended to restrict human access, protect specificendangered species and preserve some of the still undeveloped forestbiomes. The central part of the hills comprise thePeriyar Wildlife Sanctuary covering an area of 777 km2. The 350 km2 core zone of the sanctuary is the Periyar National Park and Tiger Reserve. Periyar is a majorecotourism destination.
To the south of the Periyar Tiger Reserve are thereserve forests of theRanni, Konni and Achankovil Forest Divisions. TheSrivilliputtur Wildlife Sanctuary and reserved forests of theTirunelveli Forest Division are contiguous with Periyar on the eastern side of the hills in Tamil Nadu in the rain-shadow area with mostly drier forests. TheMeghamalai reserve forest, also contiguous with Periyar, is proposed to be the 600 km2Meghamalai Wildlife Sanctuary to protect severalthreatened species including:Bengal tiger,Indian elephant,Nilgiri tahr,lion-tailed macaque,slender loris,grizzled giant squirrel,Salim Ali's fruit bat,great Indian hornbill,Hutton's pitviper andVindhyan bob butterfly.
The Cardamom Hill was an administrative area under two revenue officers (Tahasildar) created by the royal proclamation of Kingdom ofTravancore in April 1822 to promote cardamom cultivation and to give facilities and protection to cardamom farmers. The Cardamom Hill Reserve (CHR) is within the Cardamom HillsIdukki District. It comprises about 15,721 acres (63.62 km2) as per 1897 royal proclamation of the Kingdom of Travancore. But the extent of land in accordance with the boundaries of the notification is about 334 Sq miles (2,13,720 acres). It is bordered by the Tamil Nadu border to the east, Periyar Wildlife Sanctuary on the south, thePeriyar River on the west, andBodimettu,Chokkanad andMuthirapuzha to the north. The rain forests of CHR are a naturalwildlife corridor to Periyar National Park from the Anaimalai Hills and Palani hills of Tamil Nadu and is the catchment area of six major hydro-electric projects in Idukki District. Now it is situated in the Idukki District of Kerala.
According to the Chief Secretary of theGovernment of Kerala, Cardamom Hill land is Government land under the control of the Revenue Department for more than a century. The total extent of the Cardamom Hill area was 1,071.9746 km2 (264,890.7 acres) of which 568.6 km2 (140,500 acres) was assigned under various Land Assignment Rules. The balance of 503.38 km2 (124,390 acres) is leased to farmers for cardamom cultivation The CHR accounts for about 70 percent of the cardamom production of India.[5] CHR contains theCardamom Research Station, situated in the Pampadumpara village ofUdumbanchola taluk. It is located on the eastern side of Kumily-Munnar road.[6] See:map.
CHR is the centre of a controversy between the Forest Department and the Revenue Department over control of the cardamom plantations in the reserve. Non-cardamom cultivation, illegal land conversion and large scale destruction of trees in the CHR have been blamed for flash-floods and landslips in Idukki and siltation problems in the Idukki dam.[7]
According to the report dated 7 September 2005[8] of the Central Empowered Committee, appointed by the Supreme Court of India, the status of the Cardamom Hill Reserve is forest, and the extent is about 334 sq miles. The CEC concludes that in the Cardamom Hill Reserve, which still holds dense forest, illegal assignment of lands or grant of patta, illegal sales of land, large scale encroachments, transfer and sale of land and consequent deforestation, by the rich, the powerful and the influential, continue unabated in gross violation of the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 and this Honourable Court’s order dated 12 December 1996. This is causing irretrievable and immense loss to the dense evergreen forest holding rich bio-diversity on steep slopes and destroying the watersheds, water catchments and streams and rivers which flow through these forests.[9]
