Cardamine diphylla (broadleaf toothwort,crinkle root,crinkle-root,crinkleroot,pepper root,twin-leaved toothwort,twoleaf toothwort,toothwort) is aflowering plant in the familyBrassicaceae. It is a spring flowering woodland plant that is native to easternNorth America.
A member of the mustard family, it is typified by a four petal flower which blooms in a cluster on a single stalk above a single pair of toothed stem leaves each divided into three broad leaflets. After flowering, narrow seedpods appear just below the flower cluster. It grows approximately 30 cm (12 in) tall.[citation needed]
Cardamine diphylla was first described asDentaria diphylla by the French botanistAndré Michaux in 1803.[4][5] The American botanistAlphonso Wood placedDentaria diphyllaMichx. in genusCardamine in 1870.[2][6] The nameCardamine diphylla(Michx.) Alph.Wood is widely used today.[3][7]
Cardamine diphylla is native to eastern North America. Its wide range extends north to Québec and Nova Scotia, south to Georgia and Alabama, and west to Wisconsin.[8] It is known to occur in the following provinces and states:[3][10]
Canada: New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Québec
United States: Alabama, Arkansas, Connecticut, Georgia, Indiana, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Vermont, Virginia, West Virginia, Wisconsin
Its distribution is centered in theGreat Lakes region of North America.[11] It is found in moist woodlands usually in edge habitats and blooms from April to June.[12]
TheWest Virginia white butterfly (Pieris virginiensis) lays its eggs on this plant as well asC. laciniata. The larvae also feed on this plant.[13] As withPieris oleracea,Pieris virginiensis mistakesgarlic mustard for its host plants, making eradication of it important for their continued survival. Garlic mustard also competes with the plants for space and nutrients.[14]
The ground root is mixed withvinegar by theAlgonquin people of Quebec and used as a relish.[15] They also give aninfusion to children to treat fevers, and use an infusion of the plant andsweet flag root to treat heart disease.[16] TheCherokee use apoultice of the root for headaches, chew the root for colds and gargle an infusion for sore throats.[17] TheLenape use the roots as a stomach medicine,[18] and use an infusion of the roots combined with other plants as a treatment forscrofula andvenereal disease.[19] TheDelaware Nation of Oklahoma use a compound containing the root as a stomach remedy, for scrofula, and for venereal disease.[20]
TheIroquois take an infusion of the whole plant to strengthen the breasts.[21] They also chew the raw root for stomach gas, apply a poultice of roots to swellings, take a cold infusion of the plant for fever and for "summer complaint, drink a cold infusion of the roots for "when love is too strong", and use an infusion of the roots when "heart jumps and the head goes wrong."[22] They also use a compound for chest pains.[23] They also take an infusion of the plant at the beginning of tuberculosis.[21] TheMalecite use an infusion of the roots as atonic,[24] and chew green or dried roots for hoarseness.[25] TheMicmac use the root as asedative, to clear the throat and for hoarseness, and use the root as a tonic.[26]
TheAbenaki use it as a condiment.[27] The Cherokee parboil and rinse the stems and leaves, add hot grease, salt and water, and boiled them until they are soft as potherbs. They also use the leaves in salads,[28] and smoke the plant.[17] TheIroquois eat the roots raw with salt or boiled.[29] TheOjibwa mix the roots with salt, vinegar, or sugar and use them as a condiment.[30]
^Kartesz, John T. (2014)."Cardamine diphylla".State-level distribution map from the North American Plant Atlas (NAPA). Biota of North America Program (BONAP). Retrieved10 June 2023.
^Kartesz, John T. (2014)."Cardamine diphylla".County-level distribution map from the North American Plant Atlas (NAPA). Biota of North America Program (BONAP). Retrieved10 June 2023.
^Black, Meredith Jean 1980 Algonquin Ethnobotany: An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec. Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series Number 65 (p. 86)
^abHamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey 1975 Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History. Sylva, N.C.Herald Publishing Co. (p. 59)
^Tantaquidgeon, Gladys 1972 Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians. Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3 (p. 37)
^Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper 1979 Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68 (p. 56)
^Rousseau, Jacques 1947 Ethnobotanique Abénakise. Archives de Folklore 11:145-182 (p. 152)
^Perry, Myra Jean 1975 Food Use of "Wild" Plants by Cherokee Indians. The University of Tennessee, M.S. Thesis (p. 37)
^Waugh, F. W. 1916 Iroquois Foods and Food Preparation. Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines (p. 120)
^Arnason, Thor, Richard J. Hebda and Timothy Johns 1981 Use of Plants for Food and Medicine by Native Peoples of Eastern Canada. Canadian Journal of Botany 59(11):2189-2325 (p. 2207)
Gilman, Arthur V. (2015).New Flora of Vermont. Memoirs of The New York Botanical Garden, Volume 110. Bronx, New York, USA: The New York Botanical Garden Press.ISBN978-0-89327-516-7.
Michaux, André (March 1803).Flora Boreali-Americana. Vol. 2. Paris and Strasbourg. Retrieved13 June 2023.
Weakley, Alan S.; Southeastern Flora Team (2022)."Flora of the southeastern United States". University of North Carolina Herbarium, North Carolina Botanical Garden.
Wood, Alphonso (1889) [First edition 1870]. Willis, Oliver R. (ed.).The New American Botanist and Florist (Revised 8th ed.). New York and Chicago: A. S. Barnes & Company. Retrieved9 June 2023.
.jpg)
