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Caradog ap Gruffudd

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Welsh prince (died 1081)

Caradog ap Gruffudd (died 1081) was a Prince ofGwent in south-eastWales in the time ofGruffudd ap Llywelyn and theNorman conquest, who reunified his family's inheritance ofMorgannwg and made repeated attempts to reunite southernWales by claiming the inheritance of the kingdom ofDeheubarth.

Background and lineage

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The family's stronghold was the kingdoms ofGlywysing and theGwent, and Caradog was the grandson of the King ofGlywysing,Rhydderch ab Iestyn, who had been able to take over the throne ofDeheubarth from 1023 until his death in 1033. Caradog's fatherGruffudd ap Rhydderch, after receiving the lordship ofCaerleon in 1031, also inheritedGlywysing, and became King ofDeheubarth in 1045, in the same year as Gruffudd's second cousin,Cadwgan ap Meurig, inherited theKingdom of Gwent from his fatherMeurig ap Hywel.^[1] Both of them were co-descendants of Owain, son ofMorgan Hen, the last ruler of a unifiedKingdom of Morgannwg.

Gruffudd ap Rhydderch was said to be a powerful king who stoutly resisted raids by the Danes and attacks byGruffudd ap Llywelyn. However, in 1055 Gruffudd ap Llywelyn killed him in battle and tookDeheubarth, campaigning through upper Gwent with an army of Welsh,Saxons andDanes to defeatRalph,Earl of Hereford.^[2]

Early career

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After Gruffudd ap Llywelyn's victory in battle nearGlasbury in 1056, by 1057 Gruffudd was recognized asKing of Wales^[3] and Caradog receivedCaerleon.^[4] From the family's stronghold in Gwent, Caradog appears to have been able to add hisMorgannwg inheritance during his early career. After the defeat of Gruffudd ap Llylewyn byHarold Godwinson in 1063, old lineages in the south were restored, with Caradog becoming ruler ofGlywysing at about the same time asMaredudd ab Owain ab Edwin, the male-line heir ofHywel Dda, became ruler ofDeheubarth.

Contest over Gwent

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Harold Godwinson subsequently began to build a hunting lodge inPortskewett. In 1065 Caradog attacked and destroyed Harold's hunting lodge, going on to ravage the district with his forces. Then, after Harold's defeat at theBattle of Hastings, the Normans sacked south-east Wales and parts of Gwent in response toEadric's Herefordshire rebellion in alliance with the Welsh prince ofGwynedd (andPowys),Bleddyn ap Cynfyn.^[5] King Maredudd of Deheubarth decided not to resist the Norman encroachment on Gwent and was rewarded with lands in England in 1070, at the same time as the chroniclerOrderic Vitalis noted in hisHistoria Ecclesiastica that a Welsh king named "Caducan" (Cadwgan ap Meurig) suffered defeat in battle at the hands ofWilliam FitzOsbern, 1st Earl of Hereford.^[6]

Contest for Deheubarth

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Caradog thereafter set out to emulate his father and grandfather by adding Deheubarth to his realm. In 1072 he defeated and killed King Maredudd of Deheubarth in a battle by theRhymney River. In 1074 Caradog took over control over what was left of the war-ravagedkingdom of Gwent fromCadwgan ap Meurig.^[6]

In 1078 Caradog won another victory overRhys ab Owain, who had succeeded Maredudd as prince of Deheubarth, killing him too. By 1081 he had forced the new prince of Deheubarth,Rhys ap Tewdwr, to flee toSt David's Cathedral.

However, the situation was changed by the arrival fromIreland ofGruffudd ap Cynan, who was aiming to seize the throne ofGwynedd fromTrahaearn ap Caradog.Rhys ap Tewdwr and Gruffudd ap Cynan met at St David's Cathedral and made an alliance with the blessing of theBishop of St Davids.

Killed at the Battle of Mynydd Carn

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Caradog countered this by himself making an alliance with the King of Gwynedd,Trahaearn ap Caradog. The two factions met in battle atMynydd Carn, about a day's march north ofSt Davids. Caradog and his ally Trahaearn were both killed.

Succession

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Caradog left a son,Owain ap Caradog, who contented himself with the rule ofGwynllwg and was the founder of the line of theLords of Caerleon, whileIestyn ap Gwrgant became King of Morgannwg.

Regnal titles
Preceded by Gruffudd ap Rhydderch	Lord of Gwynllwg-Caerleon 1055/1057–1081	Succeeded by Owain ap Caradog
Preceded by Gruffudd ap Llywelyn (as part of theKingdom of Morgannwg)	King of Glywysing (as part of the Kingdom of Morgannwg) 1063–1074	Succeeded by merged into theKing of Morgannwg
Preceded by Cadwgan ap Meurig	King of Gwent (as part of the Kingdom of Morgannwg) c. 1074	Succeeded by merged into theKing of Morgannwg
Preceded by Maredudd ab Owain ab Edwin	Pretender King of Deheubarth 1072–1081	Succeeded by Rhys ap Tewdwr
Preceded by Cadwgan ap Meurig	King of Morgannwg 1075–1081	Succeeded by Iestyn ap Gwrgant

References

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^Ashley, Mike (1998)The Mammoth Book of British Kings and Queens (Carol & Graf)
^A Brief History of the Town of Monmouth. Accessed 11 January 2012
^Davies, John (1993).A History of Wales. London: Penguin. p. 100.ISBN 0-14-014581-8.
^Jermyn, Anthony. "4: Caerleon Through the Centuries to the Year 2000 Archived 20 June 2013 at theWayback Machine". 2010 Accessed 13 February 2013.
^Douglas, D. C.,William the Conqueror, 1964: Eyre Methuen, London
^^a ^bOrderic Vitalis (12th Century)Historia Ecclesiastica

John Edward Lloyd (1911)A history of Wales from the earliest times to the Edwardian conquest (Longmans, Green & Co.)

Caerleon, Wales

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Roman Caerleon	Ermin Way Tiberius Claudius Paulinus Titus Desticius Juba
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Rulers ofmedieval Wales

Territories/dates^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]	Powys		Dogfeiling	Gwynedd	Dunoding	Ceredigion	Ystrad Tywi	Dyfed	Brycheiniog	Glywysing	Gwent	Ergyng
400–600	Sub-Roman Britain
	Kingdom of Powys Gwrtheyrn CatigernCadell DdyrnllwgRhuddfedel Frych Cyngen GlodryddBrochwel Ysgithrog Cynan Garwyn Selyf ap Cynan Manwgan ap Selyf		Kingdom of Gwynedd				Kingdom of Dyfed Triffyn Farfog Aergol Lawhir Vortiporius		Brycheiniog Anlach mac CormacBrychan	Glywysing Mor Solor Glywys Gwynllŵg Gwynllyw Cadoc	Kingdom of Gwent Ynyr Gwent Caradoc Vreichvras	Ergyng Peibio Clafrog Cynfyn Gwrfoddw Gwrgan Fawr
			Dogfeiling Dogfael ap Cunedda Wledig Elno ap Dogfael Glas ap Elno Elgud ap Glas ap Elno Elaeth ab Elgud Meurig ap Elaeth	House of Gwynedd Cunedda Wledig Einion Yrth ap Cunedda Cadwallon Lawhir Maelgwn Gwynedd Rhun Hir ap Maelgwn Beli ap Rhun Iago ap Beli Cadfan ap Iago Cadwallon ap Cadfan (Canu Cadwallon)Cadafael Cadwaladr	Dunoding Dunod ap Cunedda Eifion ap Dunod Dingad ab Eifion Meurig ad Dingad Eifion ap Meurig Issac ap Eifion ap Meurig Pobien Hen ap Isaac Pobddelw ap Pobien Hen Eifion ap Pobddelw Brochwel ap Eifion Eigion ap Brochwel ab Eifion Ieuanawl ab Eigion Caradog ap Ieuanawl Bleiddud ap Caradog Cuhelyn ap Bleiddud	Kingdom of Ceredigion Ceredig ap CuneddaUsai ap Ceredig Serwyl ab Usai Boddw ap Serwyl Arthfoddw ap Boddw Athrwys ab Arthfoddw Clydog ab Athrwys			Brycheiniog Anlach mac CormacBrychan		Kingdom of Gwent Ynyr Gwent Caradoc Vreichvras
600–613							Cloten Cathen ap Gwlyddein Cadwgan ap Caten Rhain ap Cadwgan			Tewdrig Meurig ap Tewdrig
613–642	Eluadd ap Glast (Eiludd Powys)
642–645	Manwgan ap Selyf Beli ab Eiludd Gwylog ap Beli Elisedd ap Gwylog Brochfael ab Elisedd Cadell ap Brochfael Cyngen ap Cadell
645–682										Athrwys ap Meurig Morgan ab Athrwys Ithel ap Morgan Meurig ab Ithel
682–740			Idwal Iwrch Rhodri Molwynog Caradog ap Meirion Cynan Dindaethwy Hywel ap Caradog
730–745						Seisyllwg Seisyll ap Clydog Arthen ap Seisyll Dyfnwallon ab Arthen Meurig ap Dyfnwallon Gwgon ap Meurig		Dyfed Tewdos (Tewdwr)Maredudd ap Tewdws Rhain ap Maredudd Owain ap Maredudd Triffyn ap Rhain Bleddri (Bledrig)Hyfaidd ap Bleddri Llywarch ap Hyfaidd Rhodri ap Hyfaidd Hywel Dda	Brycheiniog
745–825										Glywysing Rhys ab Ithel Rhodri ab Ithel Meurig ab Ithel Rhys ap Arthfael Hywel ap Rhys Owain ap Hywel	Gwent Brochfael ap Meurig Ffernfael ap Meurig Brochwel ap Meurig Arthfael ap Hywel Ithel ab Athrwys ap Ffernfael	Mercia
825–854			House of Aberffraw Merfyn Frych Rhodri Mawr
854–872	Rhodri Mawr
871–878	Rhodri Mawr					Rhodri Mawr
878–909	Powys Merfyn ap Rhodri Llywelyn ap Merfyn		Gwynedd Anarawd ap Rhodri			House of Dinefwr Cadell ap Rhodri
909–913						Deheubarth Hywel Dda
913–925												Kingdom of England Archenfield
916–930	Idwal Foel									Owain ap Hywel
930–942	Idwal Foel									Glywysing Gruffydd ab Owain Cadwgan ab Owain	Gwent Morgan Hen ab Owain
942–950	Hywel Dda									Glywysing Gruffydd ab Owain Cadwgan ab Owain	Gwent Morgan Hen ab Owain
950–986	Powys Owain ap Hywel Dda		Gwynedd Ieuaf Iago ab Idwal Hywel ap Ieuaf Cadwallon ab Ieuaf			Deheubarth Owain ap Hywel Dda				Morgannwg Morgan Hen ab Owain Hywel ab Owain ap Morgan Hen Rhydderch ab Iestyn Gruffudd ap Rhydderch
988–999	Maredudd ab Owain
999–1022	Powys Llywelyn ap Seisyll		Gwynedd Cynan ap Hywel Aeddan ap Blegywryd			Deheubarth Rhain the Irishman Cadell ab Einion
1018–1023	Llywelyn ap Seisyll
1023–1033	Powys Rhydderch ab Iestyn		Gwynedd Iago ab Idwal ap Meurig			Deheubarth Rhydderch ab Iestyn Gruffudd ap Rhydderch
1033–1039	Iago ab Idwal ap Meurig Gruffudd ap Llywelyn					Deheubarth Rhydderch ab Iestyn Gruffudd ap Rhydderch
1045–1055	Iago ab Idwal ap Meurig Gruffudd ap Llywelyn					Gruffudd ap Rhydderch
1055–1063	Gruffudd ap Llywelyn
1063–1075	House of Mathrafal Bleddyn ap Cynfyn					Deheubarth Maredudd ab Owain ab Edwin Rhys ab Owain Rhys ap Tewdwr				Glywysing Caradog ap Gruffudd	Gwent Cadwgan ap Meurig
1075–1081	Powys Iorwerth ap Bleddyn Cadwgan ap Bleddyn Owain ap Cadwgan Maredudd ap Bleddyn Madog ap Maredudd		Gwynedd Trahaearn ap Caradog							Morgannwg Caradog ap Gruffudd Iestyn ap Gwrgant
1081–1093			Gruffudd ap Cynan Owain Gwynedd Hywel ab Owain Gwynedd Dafydd ab Owain Gwynedd Llywelyn ab Iorwerth
1088–1116						Norman occupation
1095–1160						Deheubarth Gruffydd ap Rhys Anarawd ap Gruffydd Cadell ap Gruffydd Maredudd ap Gruffydd Rhys ap Gruffydd Gruffydd ap Rhys II Maelgwn ap Rhys Rhys Gryg			Lordship of Brecknock	Lordship of Glamorgan
1160–1216	Powys Fadog Gruffydd Maelor I Madog ap Gruffydd Maelor Gruffydd II ap Madog Madog II ap Gruffydd Gruffudd Fychan I	Powys Wenwynwyn Owain Cyfeiliog Gwenwynwyn
1216–1241		Principality of Wales Llywelyn ab Iorwerth
1241–1283		Gruffudd ap Gwenwynwyn	Dafydd ap Llywelyn Owain Goch ap Gruffudd Llywelyn ap Gruffudd Dafydd ap Gruffudd
1283–1287	(English conquest of Wales)
1535–1542	Laws in Wales Acts
^Rulers with names in italics are considered fictional ^Bartrum, Peter Clement (1993).A Welsh Classical Dictionary: People in History and Legend Up to about A.D. 1000. National Library of Wales.ISBN 0907158730. ^biography.wales (Dictionary of Welsh Biography) ^Davies, John (1994).A History of Wales. Penguin Books.ISBN 9780140145816. ^Encyclopaedia of Wales. University of Wales Press. 2008.ISBN 978-0-7083-1953-6. ^Lloyd, John Edward (1912).A History of Wales from the Earliest Times to the Edwardian Conquest. Longmans, Green, and Co. ^Turvey, Roger (2010).Twenty-One Welsh Princes. Conwy: Gwasg Carreg Gwalch.ISBN 9781845272692.

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