| Carabinieri Arma dei Carabinieri | |
|---|---|
 Emblem | |
 Heraldic achievement | |
| Motto | Nei Secoli Fedele Faithful through the centuries |
| Agency overview | |
| Formed | 13 July 1814 |
| Jurisdictional structure | |
| National agency | Italy |
| Operations jurisdiction | Italy |
| General nature | |
| Operational structure | |
| Headquarters | Rome |
| Sworn members | 110,000 officers |
| Elected officers responsible | |
| Agency executive | |
| Parent agency | Ministry of Defence Ministry of the Interior |
| Notables | |
| Anniversary |
|
| Website | |
| carabinieri.it | |
TheCarabinieri[a] are the nationalgendarmerie ofItaly who primarily carry out domestic and foreign policing duties. It is one of Italy's mainlaw enforcement agencies, alongside thePolizia di Stato and theGuardia di Finanza. As with the Guardia di Finanza but in contrast to the Polizia di Stato, the Carabinieri are a military force. As the fourthbranch of theItalian Armed Forces, they come under the authority of theMinistry of Defence; for activities related to inland public order and security, they functionally depend on theMinistry of the Interior. In practice, there is a significant overlap between the jurisdiction of the Polizia di Stato and Carabinieri, and both of them are contactable through112, the European Union's Single Emergency number.[7] Unlike the Polizia di Stato, the Carabinieri have responsibility forpolicing the military, and a number of members regularly participate in military missions abroad.
They were originally founded as the police force of theKingdom of Sardinia, the forerunner of theKingdom of Italy. During the process ofItalian unification, the Carabinieri were appointed as the "First Force" of the new national military organization. Although the Carabinieri assisted in the suppression of opposition during the rule ofBenito Mussolini, they were also responsible for his downfall and many units were disbanded duringWorld War II byNazi Germany, which resulted in large numbers of Carabinieri joining theItalian resistance movement.
In 2000, they were separated from the Army to become a separate branch of theItalian Armed Forces. Carabinieri have policing powers that can be exercised at any time and in any part of the country, and they are always permitted to carry their assigned weapon as personal equipment (Beretta 92FS pistols).
The Carabinieri are often referred to as "La Benemerita" (The Reputable or The Meritorious) as they are a trusted and prestigious law enforcement institution in Italy. The first official account of the use of this term to refer to the Carabinieri dates back to 24 June 1864.[8]
Inspired by the Frenchgendarmerie, the corps was created by KingVictor Emmanuel I of Sardinia with the aim of providing theSavoyard state of theKingdom of Sardinia with a police corps. After French soldiers had occupiedTurin at the end of the 18th century and later abandoned it to the Kingdom of Sardinia, the Royal Carabinieri Corps was instituted under the Royal Patents of 13 July 1814.[9] The name is derived from the French wordcarabinier, meaning "soldier armed with acarbine."[10]
The new force was divided into divisions on the scale of one division for each province. The divisions were further divided into companies and subdivided into lieutenancies, which commanded and coordinated the local police stations and were distributed throughout the national territory in direct contact with the public.[9]
In 1868, theCuirassiers Regiment orCorazzieri was formed, initially as a cavalry escort of honour for the sovereign, and since 1946 for the President of the Republic.[9] The Italian unification saw the number of divisions increased,[9] and on 24 January 1861, theCarabinieri were appointed the "First Force" of the new national military organization.[9]
In May 1915, Italian troops marched to encompassSouth Tyrol, a territory of their former alliesAustria-Hungary, in theItalian front . The defenders had sufficient time to prepare strong fortifications there, and at theKarst Plateau to the east. The Italians, under the overall command of GeneralLuigi Cadorna, found themselves repeatedly repulsed in harsh fighting. The role of the Carabinieri was to act asbarrier troops, setting up machine gun posts to control the rear of the attacking regiments and prevent desertion.[11]
DuringFascist Italy (1922–1943) underBenito Mussolini, the Carabinieri were one of the police forces entrusted with suppressing opposition in Italy.[12] During the same period, while part of theItalian African Police (mainly in the late 1930s), they were involved in atrocities[13][14][15][16][17] in colonialItalian East Africa during theSecond Italo-Ethiopian War. DuringWorld War II, they fought in their function as military police against the Allied forces, and againstYugoslav Partisans as part of the Italian occupation force of theKingdom of Yugoslavia.
After thefall of the Fascist regime in Italy on 25 July 1943, on the orders of the king, Mussolini was arrested by the Carabinieri as he left theking's private residence in Rome and subsequently imprisoned onCampo Imperatore by Carabinieri forces. After thearmistice between Italy and Allied armed forces on 3 September 1943 and the country's split into the fascistItalian Social Republic in the north and theKingdom of Italy in the south, the Carabinieri split into two groups.
In the Kingdom of Italy, the Carabinieri Command for Liberated Italy was founded in Bari, mobilizing new units for the Italian war of liberation. These units were attached to the Italian Liberation Corps and the six Italian Combat Groups of theItalian Co-Belligerent Army, fighting with the Allied forces.
In the fascist Social Republic in the North, the regime organized theNational Republican Guard (composed of Carabinieri, former officers from theItalian African Police,Guardia di Finanza and customs police), to employ it as a military police and rapid-deployment anti-guerrilla force. GNR was later joined (but not taken over) by theBlack Brigades, which represented a new militant incarnation of the Fascist party.[citation needed]
Due to the role the Carabinieri had played in the downfall of Mussolini, and since one of the few units which fought the German occupation of Rome were theGranatieri di Sardegna Mechanized Brigade regiments and the II Carabinieri cadet battalion, the Germans did not view the Carabinieri as loyal to the fascist cause. They disarmed the force and began the deportation of 8,000 officers to Germany forforced labour on 6 October 1943; the Italian Colonial Police took over their jobs.[18]
Subsequently, large numbers of Carabinieri joined theItalian resistance movement to fight German and Italian fascists.[19] Nonetheless, some 45,000 officers remained on the job and as of March 1944, this group was the only national security force in Italy.[20]
After the war the Carabinieri counted at least 2735 fallen and 6500 wounded, out of approximately 14,000 who had joined the Resistance in northern and central Italy. In Yugoslavia, the Carabinieri formed a battalion of the Italian182nd Armored Infantry Regiment "Garibaldi", which fought alongside the Yugoslav partisans against theWehrmacht and the CroatianUstaše. The battalion lost over 80% of its members in combat and was awarded theSilver Medal of Military Valor to commemorate the fallen.[21][22]
One notable act of heroism in this era came from ViceBrigadiereSalvo D'Acquisto, who was executed byNazi Germany in Palidoro (nearRome) during World War II. D'Acquisto exchanged his life for the lives of citizens due to be executed in retaliation for the killing of a German soldier; instead, he claimed responsibility and was executed for the offence.[23]
The Carabinieri were in the forefront of many internal conflicts in Italy in the late 20th century, such as theYears of Lead (against theRed Brigades) and theSecond Mafia War (against theCorleonesi Mafia).[24][25] They participated, and lost men, in events such as thePeteano massacre in 1972,[26]Circonvallazione massacre in 1982,[25] and the murder ofEmanuele Basile.[27] Until 2000, the Carabinieri were part of theItalian Army. On 31 March 2000, they were separated to become the fourth branch of the Italian Armed Forces.[9]Interpol summarizes this force (part of the Ministry of Defence) as having a "nationwide remit for crime investigations. It also serves as the military police for the Italian armed forces and can be called upon for national defence action."[28]
According toEuropol (the EU's law enforcement agency), the Carabinieri Corps' military duties include "contributing to national defence, participating in military operations in Italy and abroad, executing military police functions and ensuring the security of Italian diplomatic and consular representations". As a national police force, it "carries out public order and security policing, as well as investigative activities on its own initiative or at the request of the judicial authorities". Europol also states that the force is "supplemented by the Specialized Carabinieri Commands, responsible for safeguarding the primary interests of the community: from the protection of the environment, health, work and national cultural heritage, to the observance of community and agri-food regulations, to the suppression of forgery [of] currency".[29]
In recent years Carabinieri units have been dispatched onpeacekeeping missions, includingKosovo,Afghanistan, andIraq. In 2003, 12 Carabinieriwere killed in a suicide bombing on their base inNasiriyah, nearBasra in southern Iraq, in the largest Italian military loss of life in a single action since theSecond World War.[30] One of the previous projects included training and assisting the Afghan National Security Forces, the Afghan National Police, and the Afghan National Civil Order Police. In Iraq, Carabinieri have trained 13,000 police officers; during the ISIS destruction of historic sites, Italy dispatched troops from the Carabinieri's Command to protect cultural heritage.[31]
At the Sea Island Conference of theG8 in 2004, Carabinieri were given a mandate to establish aCentre of Excellence for Stability Police Units to spearhead the development of training and doctrinal standards for civilian police units attached to international peacekeeping missions.[32][33]
TheState Forestry Corps was dissolved on 31 December 2016 and personnel with forestry police function were militarized and absorbed by the Carabinieri.
The corps is headed by theComando, consisting of theComandante Generale (aGeneral), theVice-Comandante Generale (aLieutenant General) and the Chief of Staff, all located inRome. The Chief of Staff directs, coordinates and supervises all activities of the force. It directly supervises the Directors of Administration, Health, Engineering, the motor pool and the Veterinary Commission. On the Deputy Chiefs of Staff depend the National Center for Recruitment and Selection, the Administration National Center and the Legislation Office.[34]
The Carabinieri are organised on a territorial basis for law-enforcement missions. The territorial organization represents the core of the institution; it contains 80 percent of the force and is organized hierarchically in five inter-regional commands, 19 regional commands and 102 provincial commands, 504 Company Commands and4,672 Station Commands and lieutenancies.[29]
The territorial organization includes four heliborne units:
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Outside the territorial organisation, the Specialist and Mobile Units CommandPalidoro (Comando delle Unità Mobili e Specializzate "Palidoro", based in Rome) controls theCarabinieri Mobile Units Division, theCarabinieri Specialist Units Division and theROS.
TheCarabinieri Specialist Units Division is the Carabinieri formation, established in 2001, dedicated to the performance of specialist police activities and the support to the Territorial Organizations. The Division directs, controls, and coordinates its own units, which carry out tasks related to the protection of Italian artistic heritage, to the currency protection, to the protection of Italian embassies abroad, to the health protection, to the labour policing, to Bank of Italy needs, to the Carabinieri forensics police services. In addition, the Division provides Carabinieri air support.
TheCarabinieri Mobile Units Division is located inRome and has two brigades tasked with mass manoeuvres during emergencies, defending the nation and participating in military operations abroad. It supportspublic order and territorial control in urban areas, and contributes to the operations of civil authorities in terms of public safety. 1st Mobile Brigade, whose headquarters is located in Rome and includes six Regiments and four Battalions mainly employed in public order tasks. 2nd Mobile Brigade headquartered in Livorno includes theGruppo di Intervento Speciale special forces group, the1st Paratroopers Carabinieri Regiment "Tuscania", and the 7th "Trentino-Alto Adige" and 13th "Friuli-Venezia Giulia" regiments, which, together with theMultinational Specialized Unit, are mainly engaged in international missions.
TheGruppo di Intervento Speciale is one of the sixItalian special forces.
The ROS (Raggruppamento Operativo Speciale or Special Operational Group) is an elite unit founded in 1990 to deal withorganised crime (Mafia and others), subversive activities,terrorism and more complex types of crime. An anti-crime section is found in every city and district public prosecutor's office.
Special Tasks Departments are outside the ordinary organisational framework and are used for special missions:Corazzieri (Cuirassiers) are an elite corps and honour guard of thePresident of the Italian Republic, located in theQuirinal Palace. They are distinguished by their uniforms and height (the minimum height for admission is 1.9 m or 6 ft 3 in). They have almost no other everyday duties, although they may be seen patrolling occasionally.
Other departments are in service to constitutional bodies such as, the Presidency of the Republic, the Senate, Parliament, the Judiciary, theprime minister and the National Council of Economy and Labour. Carabinieri also performmilitary police and security duties for the Ministry of Defence, military high commands, the offices of the military judiciary and allied military organisations in Italy and abroad. They also have personnel attached to theDepartment of Public Security in various departments, as well as anti-Mafia and anti-drug investigative task forces.Carabinieri officers are charged with surveillance and security at Italian embassies and consulates abroad, performing the same services entrusted to theMarine Corps Embassy Security Group in United States diplomatic and consular offices.
Together with thePolizia di Stato and theGuardia di Finanza, the Carabinieri is also responsible forborder control.[35]
The specializedComando unità per la tutela forestale, ambientale, e agroalimentare has its headquarters in Rome, and 15 regional commands and approximately 700 Station Commands around the country, with 7,000 personnel. Its missions are preventing production and distribution of illicit agri-foodstuffs, environmental and biodiversity protection, prevention of poaching, and suppression of all criminal organizations that, with their activity, affect the environment. In the Unit, there are also 29 NOEs (Nucleo Operativo Ecologico), teams highly specialized in complex investigations in environmental matters against organized crime.
The main battles in which the Carabinieri took part before World War I are:
For its contributions during the First World War, the Corps was awarded its firstGold Medal of Military Valor
In World War II, Carabinieri fought in the following battles:[22]
From 1943 to 1945, the Carabinieri were accountable to the Control Commission of theAllied Military Government (AMGOT). Their reorganization and reform was organized by ColonelArthur Young, a Britishpolice officer seconded as Director of Public Safety and Director of Security.
The Carabinieri, as a military and police force, have various uniforms for different functions. For each type of uniform there are seasonal variants and (except for service, combat and historical) versions for men and women.[36] How, when and why they are to be worn is dictated by the"R-11 "Regulation on Uniforms for the Carabinieri Arma" published by the Carabinieri General Command in 1988.[37]
The uniforms of the Carabinieri are divided into:
Those of service, representation and GUI/GUE are a derivation of the ordinary.[36]
Originally, the Carabinieri were issued a distinctive uniform in black with silver braid around the collar and cuffs, edges trimmed in scarlet and epaulettes in silver. The mounted division had white fringes, and the infantry had light blue. Their headgear was a distinctivebicorne, popularly called thelucerna (in use only for historical uniform and ceremonies).[9]They still use a version of the historic uniform today for ceremonies.[9]
The uniform that theGendarmerie wore in 1814 consisted of aturquoise fabric buttoned suit with a blue collar and padded gloves. Since 1822, some small changes have been made to the uniform. Officials and Marshals had silver swords and sabres, both in a black leatherscabbard. At the beginning of the 20th Century, the rules of the dress code were reinforced because ofWorld War I.
Troopers had three different types of uniforms: theComplete uniform, theOrdinary uniform, and theEffort uniform. The Carabinieri's uniform at that time was made of a green-grey cloth material, and was used by all soldiers.[38]
For historical and ceremonial use, the Carabinieri uniform consists of a distinctive black uniform made of silverbraids around the collar and cuffs, edges trimmed in scarlet andepaulettes in silver. The fringes of the mounted division are white, and the infantry has light blue. The headgear used is the traditional two-pointed hat for Carabinieri, known as the Lucerna, also called abicorne.[39]
During the 1980sGiorgio Armani designed the new more modern uniforms.[40]
The modern Carabinieri Force uniform is coloured in black for every seasonal version, with small variations on a weather basis (coat or wind jacket), and is composed of:
The uniform is accompanied by accessories such as:
There are differences for season, duties, rank and location. For instance, in the summer, the four-button jacket, white shirt and tie are replaced with a short-sleeved blue shirt.
Depending on the weather conditions, the uniform can be worn with a waterproof coat (or beaver cloth for officers) and an anorak. Inside the military installations, the jacket can be removed or replaced with the "V-neck" sweater.[41]
In 2020, new 'bomber-style jackets', with appropriate logos, were introduced, which can be worn instead of the four-button jacket. The white cross belt is still worn on top, and either a roll-neck base layer or a white shirt and tie is worn underneath.
Accessories are the same, althoughWanted in Rome reported that:"The old leather holster will also be retired, replaced by an external belt with a quick-release holster, made of plastic material. The old gloves will be replaced with modern, cut-resistant gloves. However, style has not been sacrificed for function, begging the question, are the Carabinieri of Rome the most stylish police force in the world?"[42]
The regulation peaked cap is rigid with afrieze of the Carabinieri (metallic for pinned, Carabinieri and students, embroidered in silver fabric for NCOs, gilded for the inspectors and officers while for the generals the frieze is the eagle of the staff with RI monogram in the centre, silver for brigade and division generals, gold for corps generals). The commanding officers of the department wear the frieze embroidered in gold-edged with red.
The official emblem is placed at the center of the cap.[43]
Each cap is black and has a wimple held by two rounded buttons, the wimple is black for carabinieri, pinned, brigadiers and students; for the chief brigadiers the wimple is also black but with the addition of a silver galloncino mottled with black. The wimple becomes silver mottled with black in the center from the rank of marshal to that of chief marshal with the number of chevrons increasing as the rank increases. For the major marshals, the wimple is silver edged in red with three silver gallons flecked with black; for the top rank of non-commissioned officers, i.e. the lieutenant, the wiggle is silver edged in red with four silver braids edged in red.
For the lower officers, the wiggle and the braids are entirely in silver without streaks, for the superior officers, the wiggle becomes a double braided cord always silver with silver braids. Finally, for the general officers, the wimple becomes a silver braid with silver braids.
Other forms of headdress include berets and mountain-style caps. Carabinieri MP Units also wear a dark navy blue beret.
The service uniform is essentially the same as the ordinary uniform but is adapted for the specific duty of the soldier.
E.g.:
(For carabinieri, NCOs, warrant officers, officers.)
The representative uniform is essentially the same as the ordinary uniform, but worn for more formal, but still on duty occasions, where the ordinary and ceremonial uniforms are unsuitable. It differs from the ordinary uniform for the following elements:
Sometimes the pistol is worn with the sword, other times it is not. The cap worn is the peaked cap.
The operational uniform is worn for public order (riot) situations, raids, cross-country work and is worn for operations only.It is blue in color with red piping and a 'Polychrome' uniform.[46]
It consists of:
A "particular" version of this uniform is worn by the soldiers of the Special Intervention Group, as well as the following departments: The "Tuscania" CC Parachute Regiment, Carabinieri Regiment on Horseback and Airborne Squadrons CC Cacciatori. The colours (for the trousers and jacket) are often camouflage rather than blue and red and maroon/red (for the beret) rather than blue.
Riot helmets, body-armour, equipment vests, rescue helmets etc., are worn when necessary.
It consists of a tracksuit (jacket and pants), t-shirt and shorts.
The suit consists of a jacket and long trousers in blue fabric, with red inserts. The jacket is made up of a body with a central zip, two detachable sleeves with a zip and a collar.The trousers consist of two leggings, an elastic waistband with a drawstring at the waist and a zip at the bottom. The jacket, the T-shirt and the shorts bear thefrieze of the Carabinieri.[47]
There are also evening-dress style (mess kit) uniforms for dinners and galas, as well as variations for the above uniform for occasions (e.g. medals, sabres to be worn etc.).
The full set of different Carabinieri uniforms today is presented here (in Italian).
The uniforms adopted for female staff are essentially an adaptation of the male ones.
The variants concern the buttoning, the shape of the jackets (without upper pockets), the use of skirts inside the Offices, off-duty or with formal uniforms and shoes.
No changes were made to any other items of clothing/equipment already in use by male personnel.[48]
The State Color of the Carabinieri bears the following decorations:
| Weapon | Origin | Type |
|---|---|---|
| Beretta 92 |  Italy | Individual armament |
| Beretta 8000 | Individual armament for officers, to be replaced by the Px4 | |
| Beretta Px4 Storm | Individual armament for officers, replacing the decommissioned Cougar 8000[49] | |
| Glock 17 |  Austria | Special armament supplied to GIS |
| Beretta PM12-S2 | Italy | Ordinary armament, to be replaced by the PMX |
| Beretta PMX | Ordinary armament, intended to replace the PM12 | |
| Heckler & Koch MP5 |  Germany | Special armament |
| Beretta 70/90 | Italy | Ordinary armament, "AR" and "SCP" versions, to be decommissioned |
| Beretta ARX-160A3 | Ordinary armament, replacement of the 70/90 rifles[50] | |
| M4 carbine |  USA | Special armament |
| Accuracy International AWP |  UK | Special armament, used by snipers and GIS |
| Mauser Sp 66 | Germany | |
| Beretta MG 42/59 | Italy | Special armament |
| FN Minimi |  Belgium |
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Until very recently the Italian police (including theCarabinieri) operated only Italian-made vehicles, but that changed with the introduction ofLand Rover Defenders andSubarus into service. NormalCarabinieri patrol vehicles are dark blue with a white roof, with a red stripe along the side. Carabinieri license plates begin with "CC" or previously with "EI" (formerly Esercito Italiano, Italian Army), and a Carabinieri car is traditionally called aGazzella (gazelle). Small or medium-sized cars are used for ordinary patrol work, with larger and more powerful vehicles being used for emergency response, highway patrol, and special services. The vehicles of theCarabinieri military police and mobile units are painted in NATO camouflage scheme as done with the other Italian Armed Forces vehicles.
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