| Caproni Ca.1 | |
|---|---|
 Rear view ofGianni Caproni's first experimental biplane, the Caproni Ca.1, inMalpensa (Varese) in 1910. | |
| General information | |
| Type | Experimental aircraft |
| Manufacturer | Gianni Caproni |
| Designer | Gianni Caproni |
| Status | On display at theVolandiaaviation museum |
| Number built | 1 |
| History | |
| First flight | 27 May1910 |
TheCaproni Ca.1 was anexperimentalbiplane built in Italy in 1910. It was the first aircraft to be designed and built byaviation pioneerGianni Caproni, although he had previously collaborated withHenri Coandă on sailplane designs.
The Ca.1 had an uncovered rectangular truss as afuselage; its two-bay wing cellule featuredunstaggered mainplanes of equal span. Although the engine was mounted in the nose, it drove propellers mounted in front of the wings on long struts. Thelanding gear consisted of a dual mainwheel and skid arrangement, with outrigger wheels at each wingtip and a tailwheel.
The Ca.1 flew for the first time on 27 May 1910; although the flight was rather successful, the aircraft crashed while landing and was heavily damaged; it was repaired, but never flew again. The Ca.1 is now on display at theVolandiaaviation museum in Italy.
Gianni Caproni had begun his experiments in the field of aviation in 1908. In that year, together with hisRomanian friend and colleagueHenri Coandă, he designed and built abiplaneglider whose flights took place in the surroundings of Blaumal (in theArdennes) and were largely successful, leading Caproni to carry on his aeronautical studies. In 1909 he met several aviators and aircraft designers inParis, where he also witnessed the flights of some of the most recent aeroplanes.[1]
While still inFrance, Caproni began designing his first engined aircraft. In June 1909, after going back toItaly, he made an attempt to collect the money he needed to build the machine inAlessandria; however, he didn't manage to convince the local investors of the worthiness of his projects. It was only in December, after spending a period of time inBelgium in order to complete his specialization inelectrical engineering, that Caproni went back to his hometown,Arco, and was finally able to gather some collaborators, thanks to whom he would begin the construction of the experimental biplane that was going to become known as the Caproni Ca.1.[2]
Between December 1909 and the first few months of 1910, Caproni worked on the construction of the Ca.1 in an improvised workshop which he had set up inside a warehouse with the help of threecarpenters.[3][4] However, because of the lack of any surface suitable for having an aircrafttake off andland inTrentino, Caproni decided to move toLombardy in order to carry out the test flights. He thus joined his elder brother, Federico (who had graduated from theBocconi University ofMilan shortly before), and asked theArma del Genio (themilitary engineering corps of theEsercito Italiano) for permission to settle at thecascina ofMalpensa, in semi-desert area which at the time was in use as a training ground for the cavalry. The permission was granted and so, after building ahangar close to thecascina, on 5 April 1910, the two Caproni brothers and their collaborators, Ernesto "Ernestin" Gaias and Ernesto "Erneston" Contrini from Arco, moved to Malpensa.[4] The parts of the Ca.1 that had already been assembled were transported from Arco toAla on carriages, and then reachedGallarate by train; their journey started on 8 April and ended in Malpensa on 11 April.[5]
The four men were going to spend one year living in primitive accommodation and working in the hangar, which also served as a workshop. There were no comforts and the project of building and flying the Ca.1 was very demanding from both a technical and financial point of view. However, Caproni was later to think back to the first period he spent in Maplensa as a time of happiness and peace of mind.[6]
The aircraft was assembled in a few weeks, but Caproni still had to find anengine and apilot. He tried to solve the first problem by buying an engine built by the recently founded Miller company ofTurin; the engine wasn't expensive and the Trentine engineer was glad to use an Italian-built piece of technology, because of hisirredentist sentiments;[7][8] however, the four-cylinder W engine proved quite unreliable[9] and was apparently unable to run smoothly for more than a few minutes at a time.[8] As far as the second problem was concerned, Caproni decided to have Ugo Tabacchi, aVeronese-born Trentine chauffeur who had recently joined Caproni's team, pilot the maiden flight of his aircraft. Although somelicensed pilots (mostly trained onWright aircraft) were already available in Italy, Caproni couldn't afford to hire any of them.[10]
The aircraft was ready for the first test flight in May 1910.
The Caproni Ca.1 was a light single-enginebiplane featuring an uncovered rectangular truss as afuselage, twounstaggeredmainplanes of equal span, a biplanetailplane and a twin-propeller pulling configuration.
The fuselage was composed of a long rectangular truss; the structure was ofhoneyberry wood withaluminum connections, allowing for a light and flexible construction, comparatively robust and easy to fix in case of accidents. This technique was, however, expensive and therefore it was abandoned in subsequent designs.[11]
The fuselage was connected to the wings in proximity of the nose of the aircraft, while theempennage was located at its rear end. Both thehorizontal stabilizer and thevertical stabilizer were composed of twin aerodynamic surfaces. The wings were fitted withailerons and had a conventional structure, with tubularplywoodspars and woodenribs supporting afabric covering.[12] Between theinterplane struts that connected the two wings (which, together withwires, provided structural rigidity) were some vertical surfaces that improved the stability of the aircraft.[13] The tail assembly was composed of two vertical surfaces which acted asrudders and asstabilizers and of two horizontal surfaces whose fixed portion had alifting and a stabilizing function, while a movable section acted as anelevator. The latter was controlled by the pilot, thanks to ayoke. The wings were fitted with a patented device that allowed itsangle of incidence to vary, in order to experiment with different aerodynamic conditions; the tailplanes were fitted with a similar device in order to compensate for the attitude changes caused by the adjustment of the wings.[14]
The fixedlanding gear was composed of five large-diameter wheels of which two were located below the central section of the lower wing, one below eachwingtip and one supporting the tail. Two smaller wheels, mounted at the forward extremity of an extension of the main landing gear structure, were meant to prevent the aircraft from overturning.[13]
Thefour-cylinder Millerfan engine drove two wooden two-bladecounter-rotatingpropellers by means of tworoller chains. A safety device would block both propellers in case of the failure of one of the chains. The blade pitch could beadjusted while the aircraft was on the ground.[12]
The prairie around Malpensa was amoorland covered withheather, bushes and small trees, and it was not clear enough to allow an aircraft to take off and land. The nearest surface sufficiently clear and level was close toGallarate. The Ca.1 had to be towed there by adonkey, the trip taking around 30 minutes.[15]
When the final assembly of the aircraft was completed, several days of bad weather conditions prevented the flight trials to be undertaken. On 27 May, however, the weather was fair and Caproni decided to make an attempt to fly the Ca.1. Tabacchi managed to have the aircraft take off at the first attempt; it then flew straight and level for a while, but, when the pilot tried to land the aircraft, his lack of experience caused a violent impact with the ground which heavily damaged the aircraft, even though Tabacchi was unscathed.[16][17][18] The flight was considered a success, and it proved the worthiness of Caproni's first design.[13]
Caproni immediately started repairing the Ca.1 and, at the same time, he started building theCa.2. The Ca.1 would not fly again, but Tabacchi used it to gain some familiarity withtaxiing and other ground maneuvers while waiting for the next aircraft to be ready to fly.[16][19]
.JPG)
The only example of the Ca.1 survived its operational history and, after being superseded by the Ca.2 and subsequent developments, was stored in a warehouse. Conscious of its historical importance, Caproni preserved it with care. In 1927 Gianni Caproni, with the collaboration of his wife Timina Guasti Caproni, opened theCaproni Museum inTaliedo. The Ca.1 was displayed there in 1939, alongside several other historical aircraft, objects and documents connected to the first pioneer flights in Italy.[16] The museum was closed during theSecond World War and the Ca.1 was moved to the villa of the Caproni family inVenegono Superiore in order to be safe fromAllied bombings. It remained there until 2007. It underwent a restoration process and was finally put on display in theVolandiaaviation museum, not far from theMalpensa Airport.[16] The Ca.1 is the oldest preserved aircraft in Italy.[16]
Areplica of the Ca.1 was built in the 2000s (decade) by Mario Marangoni; after being on display in Arco for a few days in September 2009, the faithfully rebuilt aircraft participated in the 2010 centennial celebrations that took place atTrento Airport. The aircraft taxied on the runway, but was unable to take off because of the strong wind. Subsequently, the Ca.1 replica was on display at theGianni Caproni Museum of Aeronautics (adjacent to the Trento Airport) for a brief period.[20]
Data from Aeroplani Caproni[21]
General characteristics
Performance
