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| Caplan's syndrome | |
|---|---|
| Other names | Rheumatoid pneumoconiosis |
| Specialty | Rheumatology  |
Caplan's syndrome (orCaplan disease orrheumatoid pneumoconiosis[1]) is a combination ofrheumatoid arthritis (RA) andpneumoconiosis that manifests as intrapulmonary nodules, which appear homogeneous and well-defined onchest X-ray.[2]
Caplan syndrome presents withcough andshortness of breath in conjunction with features of rheumatoid arthritis, such as painful joints and morning stiffness.Examination should reveal tender, swollenmetacarpophalangeal joints andrheumatoid nodules;auscultation of the chest may reveal diffusecrackles that do not disappear on coughing or taking a deep breath.
Caplan syndrome is a nodular condition of the lung occurring in dust-exposed persons with either a history ofrheumatoid arthritis (RA) or who subsequently develop RA within the following 5–10 years.[3] The nodules in the lung typically occur bilaterally and peripherally, on a background of simplecoal workers' pneumoconiosis. There are usually multiple nodules, varying in size from 0.5 to 5.0 cm. The nodules typically appear rapidly, often in only a few weeks. Nodules may grow, remain unchanged in size, resolve, or disappear and then reappear. They can cavitate, calcify, or develop air-fluid levels. Grossly, they can resemble a giant silicotic nodule. Histologically, they usually have a necrotic center surrounded by a zone of plasma cells and lymphocytes, and often with a peripheral inflammatory zone made of macrophages and neutrophils.
Caplan syndrome occurs only in patients with both RA andpneumoconiosis related to mining dust (coal, asbestos, silica). The condition occurs in miners (especially those working inanthracite coal-mines),asbestosis,silicosis and other pneumoconioses. There is probably also a genetic predisposition, andsmoking is thought to be an aggravating factor.
The presence of rheumatoid arthritis alters how a person's immune system responds to foreign materials, such as dust from a coal mine.[1] When a person with rheumatoid arthritis is exposed to such offensive materials, they are at an increased risk of developing pneumoconiosis.[1]
Once tuberculosis has been excluded, treatment is withsteroids. All exposure to coal dust must be stopped, andsmoking cessation should be attempted. Rheumatoid arthritis should be treated normally with early use ofDMARDs.
The nodules may predate the appearance of rheumatoid arthritis by several years. Otherwise prognosis is as for RA; lung disease may remit spontaneously, but pulmonary fibrosis may also progress.
Incidence is currently 1 in 100,000 people but is likely to fall as the coal mining industry declines. It has also been shown to occur in cases of complicated silicosis (marked by progressive massive pneumoconiosis).
The syndrome is named after Dr. Anthony Caplan, a physician on the Cardiff Pneumoconiosis Panel, who identified the constellation of findings as a distinct entity in a 1953 publication.[3] He followed this with further articles exploring the disease.[4][5] Caplan syndrome was originally described in coal miners withprogressive massive fibrosis.