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Cape Colony

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
British colony from 1806 to 1910
This article is about the British colony. For the original Dutch colony, seeDutch Cape Colony.

Cape Colony
Kaapkolonie (Dutch)
1806–1910
Anthem: God Save the King (1795–1837; 1901–1910)
God Save the Queen (1837–1901)
The Cape Colony in 1885 shown in red.
The Cape Colony in 1885 shown in red.
StatusCrown colony of theBritish Empire
CapitalCape Town
Official languagesEnglish
Dutch[a]
Common languagesAfrikaans,Khoekhoe,Xhosa also spoken
Ethnic groups
(1904)
Religion
Dutch Reformed Church,Anglican,San religion
GovernmentSelf-governing colony underConstitutional monarchy
King/Queen 
• 1795–1820
George III
• 1820–1830
George IV
• 1830–1837
William IV
• 1837–1901
Victoria
• 1901–1910
Edward VII
Governor 
• 1797–1798
George Macartney
• 1901–1910
Walter Hely-Hutchinson
Prime Minister 
• 1872–1878
John Charles Molteno
• 1908–1910
John X. Merriman
Historical eraImperialism
1803–1806
8 January 1806
1814
1844
• Basutoland incorporated into the Cape Colony
3 November 1871
• Basutoland separated to form its owncolony
2 February 1884
31 May 1910
Area
1822[1]331,907 km2 (128,150 sq mi)
Population
• 1822[1]
110,380
• 1865 census[2][3]
496,381
• 1875 census[3]
720,984
• 1891 census[3]
1,527,224
• 1904 census[3]
2,409,804
CurrencyPound sterling
Preceded by		Succeeded by
Dutch Cape Colony
British Bechuanaland
Republic of Swellendam
Republic of Graaff-Reinet
Islands of Refreshment
Union of South Africa
Basutoland
Tristan da Cunha
Today part ofNamibia[b]
South Africa
Lesotho[c]
Historicalstates
in present-day
South Africa
before 1600
1600–1700
1800–1850
1850–1875
1875–1900
1900–present
flagSouth Africa portal
Map of the Cape of Good Hope in 1885 (blue). The areas of Griqualand West and Griqualand East were annexed to the Cape Colony around 1880.

TheCape Colony (Dutch:Kaapkolonie), also known as theCape of Good Hope, was aBritishcolony in present-daySouth Africa named after theCape of Good Hope. It existed from 1795 to 1802, and again from 1806 to 1910, when it united with three other colonies to form theUnion of South Africa, then became theCape Province, which existed even after 1961, when South Africa had become a republic, albeit, temporarily outside theCommonwealth of Nations (1961–94).

The British colony was preceded by an earlier corporate colony that became anoriginal Dutch colony of the same name, which was established in 1652 by theDutch East India Company (VOC). The Cape was under VOC rule from 1652 to 1795 and under rule of the NapoleonicBatavia Republic from 1803 to 1806.[4] The VOC lost the colony toGreat Britain following the 1795Battle of Muizenberg, but it was ceded to theBatavia Republic following the 1802Treaty of Amiens. It was re-occupied by the British following theBattle of Blaauwberg in 1806, and British possession affirmed with theAnglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814. The Cape of Good Hope then remained in theBritish Empire, becomingself-governing in 1872.

The colony was coextensive with the laterCape Province, stretching from theAtlantic coast inland and eastward along the southern coast, constituting about half of modern South Africa: the final eastern boundary, after several wars against theXhosa, stood at theFish River. In the north, theOrange River, natively known as theǂNūǃarib (Black River) and subsequently called the Gariep River, served as the boundary for some time, although some land between the river and the southern boundary ofBotswana was later added to it. From 1878, the colony also included the enclave ofWalvis Bay and thePenguin Islands, both in what is nowNamibia.

It united with three other colonies to form theUnion of South Africa in 1910, and was accordingly renamed theProvince of the Cape of Good Hope.[5]South Africa became a sovereign state in 1931 by theStatute of Westminster. In 1961, it became theRepublic of South Africa. Following the 1994 creation ofthe present-day South African provinces, theCape Province was partitioned into theEastern Cape,Northern Cape, andWestern Cape, with smaller parts inNorth West province.

History

[edit]
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VOC settlement

[edit]
Main article:Dutch Cape Colony

An expedition of the VOC led byJan van Riebeeck established a trading post and naval victualing station at theCape of Good Hope in 1652.[6] Van Riebeeck's objective was to secure a harbour of refuge for VOC ships during the long voyages between Europe and Asia.[6] Within about three decades, the Cape had become home to a large community ofvrijlieden, also known asvrijburgers ('free citizens'), former VOC employees who settled in the colonies overseas after completing their service contracts.[7]Vrijburgers were mostly married citizens who undertook to spend at least twenty years farming the land within the fledgling colony's borders; in exchange they received tax exempt status and were loanedtools andseeds.[8] Reflecting the multi-national nature of the early trading companies, the VOC grantedvrijburger status to Dutch, Swiss, Scandinavian and German employees, among others.[9] In 1688 they also sponsored the immigration of nearly two hundred FrenchHuguenot refugees who had fled to the Netherlands upon theEdict of Fontainebleau.[10] This so-called "Huguenot experiment" was deemed a failure by the colonial authorities a decade later, as many of the Huguenot arrivals had little experience with agriculture and had become a net burden on the colonial government.[11] There was a degree of cultural assimilation due to Dutch cultural hegemony that included the almost universal adoption of the Dutch language.[12]

Many of the colonists who settled directly on the frontier became increasingly independent and localised in their loyalties.[13] Known asBoers, they migrated beyond the Cape Colony's initial borders and had soon penetrated almost a thousand kilometres inland.[14] Some Boers even adopted a nomadic lifestyle permanently and were denoted astrekboers.[15] The VOC colonial period had a number of bitter, genocidal conflicts between the colonists and theKhoe-speaking indigenes,[16] followed by theXhosa, both of which they perceived as unwanted competitors for prime farmland.[15]

VOC traders imported thousands ofslaves to the Cape of Good Hope from theDutch East Indies and other parts of Africa.[17] By the end of the eighteenth century the Cape's population swelled to about 26,000 people of European descent and 30,000 slaves.[18][19]

British conquest

[edit]
Main article:Invasion of the Cape Colony (1795)

In 1795,France occupied theSeven Provinces of theDutch Republic, the mother country of theDutch United East India Company. This promptedGreat Britain to occupy theCape Colony in 1795 as a way to better control the seas in order to stop any potentialFrench attempt to reachIndia. The British sent a fleet of nine warships which anchored atSimon's Town and, following the defeat of the VOC militia at theBattle of Muizenberg, took control of the territory. The United East India Company transferred its territories and claims to theBatavian Republic (the Revolutionary period Dutch state) in 1798, and went bankrupt in 1799. Improving relations betweenBritain andNapoleonic France, and its vassal state theBatavian Republic, led the British to hand the Cape of Good Hope over to the Batavian Republic in 1803, under the terms of theTreaty of Amiens.

Part of a series on
Cape Colony history

In 1806, theCape, now nominally controlled by theBatavian Republic, was occupied again by theBritish after their victory in theBattle of Blaauwberg. The temporary peace between the UK andNapoleonic France had crumbled into open hostilities, whilst Napoleon had been strengthening his influence on theBatavian Republic (whichNapoleon would subsequently abolish and directly administer later the same year). TheBritish, who set up a colony on 8 January 1806,[citation needed] hoped to keepNapoleon out of the Cape, and to control the Far East trade routes.

The Cape Colony at the time ofBritish occupation was three months' sailing distance fromLondon. TheWhite colonial population was small, no more than 25,000 in all, scattered across a territory of 100,000 square miles. Most lived in Cape Town and the surrounding farming districts of theBoland, an area favoured with rich soils, aMediterranean Climate and reliable rainfall.Cape Town had a population of 16,000 people.[20] In 1814 the Dutch government formally ceded sovereignty over theCape to theBritish, under the terms of theConvention of London.

British colonisation

[edit]

TheBritish started to settle the eastern border of the Cape Colony, with the arrival inPort Elizabeth of the1820 Settlers. They also began to introduce the first rudimentary rights for the Cape'sBlack African population and, in 1834,abolished slavery; however, the government proved unable to rein in settler violence against theSan, which continued largely unabated as it had during the Dutch period.[21] The resentment that the Boers felt against this social change, as well as the imposition ofEnglish language andculture, caused them to trek inland en masse. This was known as theGreat Trek, and the migrating Boers settled inland, eventually forming theBoer Republics.

Skirmish during theXhosa Wars

British Immigration continued in the Cape, even as many of the Boers continued to trek inland, and the ending of theBritish East India Company's monopoly on trade led to economic growth.

At the same time, the long series ofXhosa Wars fought between the Xhosa people in the east and the government of the Cape Colony as well as Boer settlers finally died down when the Xhosa took part in amass destruction of their own crops and cattle, in the belief that this would cause their ancestors to wake from the dead. The resulting famine crippled Xhosa country and ushered in a long period of stability on the border.

Peace and prosperity, in addition to theConvict crisis of 1849, led to a desire for political independence. In 1853, the Cape Colony became a British Crown colony with representative government.[22] In 1854, the Cape of Good Hopeelected its first parliament, on the basis of the multi-racialCape Qualified Franchise. Cape residents qualified as voters based on a universal minimum level of property ownership, regardless of race.

Mossel Bay on the Indian Ocean, 1818
Table Bay, Cape Town, circa 1832

Executive power remaining completely in the authority of the British governor did not relieve tensions in the colony between itseastern andwestern sections.[23]

Responsible government

[edit]

In 1872, after a long political battle, the Cape of Good Hope achievedresponsible government under its first Prime Minister,John Molteno. Henceforth, an elected Prime Minister and his cabinet had total responsibility for the affairs of the country. A period of strong economic growth and social development ensued, and theeastern-western division was largely laid to rest. The system of multi-racial franchise also began a slow and fragile growth in political inclusiveness, and ethnic tensions subsided.[24] In 1877, the state expanded by annexingGriqualand West andGriqualand East[25] – that is, the Mount Currie district (Kokstad). The emergence of two Boer mini-republics along the Missionary Road resulted in 1885 in the Warren Expedition, sent to annex the republics ofStellaland andGoshen (lands annexed toBritish Bechuanaland). Major-GeneralCharles Warren annexed the land south of the Molopo River as the colony of British Bechuanaland and proclaimed a protectorate over the land lying to the North of the river.Vryburg, the capital of Stellaland, became capital of British Bechuanaland, whileMafeking (nowMahikeng), although situated south of the protectorate border, became the protectorate's administrative centre. The border between the protectorate and the colony ran along the Molopo and Nossob rivers. In 1895, British Bechuanaland became part of the Cape Colony.

However, the discovery of diamonds aroundKimberley and gold in theTransvaal led to a return to instability, particularly because they fuelled the rise to power of the ambitious imperialistCecil Rhodes. On becoming the Cape's Prime Minister in 1890, he instigated a rapid expansion of British influence into the hinterland. In particular, he sought to engineer the conquest of the Transvaal, and although his ill-fatedJameson Raid failed and brought down his government, it led to theSecond Boer War and British conquest at the turn of the century. The politics of the colony consequently came to be increasingly dominated by tensions between the British colonists and the Boers. Rhodes also brought in the first formal restrictions on the political rights of the Cape of Good Hope's black African citizens.[26]

The Cape of Good Hope remained nominally under British rule until the formation of theUnion of South Africa in 1910, when it became the province of the Cape of Good Hope, better known as theCape Province.

Governors

[edit]
Main article:List of governors of British South African colonies § Cape Colony

Districts

[edit]
Tallis Map of the Cape Colony, 1850.

The districts of the colony in 1850 were:

  • Clanwilliam
  • The Cape
  • Stellenbosch
  • Zwellendam
  • Tulbagh/Worcester
  • Beaufort
  • George
  • Uitenhague
  • Albany
  • Victoria
  • Somerset
  • Graaf Reynet
  • Colesberg

Demographics

[edit]

Population figures for the 1865, 1875, 1891 and 1904 censuses.[3] Groups marked "nd" are Not Distinguished in the censuses for those years.

Population of the Cape Colony exclusive of military.[27]
YearChristian Males*Christian Females*Free Blacks MalesFree Blacks FemalesKhoekhoe MalesKhoekhoe FemalesSlaves MalesSlaves FemalesTotal
180713,62411,9905296058,4968,93518,99010,31373,482
181720,75018,88491895811,64011,79619,48112,56597,335
182325,48723,2128911,09815,33615,21319,78613,412116,205
183350,88145,210ndndndnd19,37814,244129,713

* Includes both freeColoured people and Whites

Settlement populations in 1833.[28]
District areasFree MalesFree FemalesMale SlavesFemale SlavesTotal population
Cape Town6,6567,0162,8642,69119,227
Cape District4,1933,4892,7351,52311,940
Stellenbosch3,9293,6535,4923,06316,137
Swellendam6,1255,7171,5961,42814,866
George2,9762,6691,1301,1007,875
Uitenhage4,5953,1996726269,092
Albany4,8504,52575699,519
Somerset5,3404,6497668010,745
Graaff-Reinet6,3974,6131,50594413,459
Total45,06139,53016,14512,124112,860
Census data: 1865-1904
Population group1865 Census[3]1875 Census[3]1891 Census[3]1904 Census[29][3]
NumberPer cent
(%)		NumberPer cent
(%)		NumberPer cent
(%)		NumberPer cent
(%)
Blacknd*287,63939.89838,13654.871,424,78759.12
White181,59236.58236,78332.84376,98724.68579,74124.05
Colourednd*196,56227.26310,40120.32395,03416.39
Asiannd*nd*1,7000.1110,2420.42
Total496,381100.00720,984100.001,527,224100.002,409,804100.00

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]

Explanatory notes

[edit]
  1. ^Dutch was the sole official language until 1822, when the British officially replaced Dutch with English.[30] Dutch was reincluded as a second official language in 1882.
  2. ^Penguin Islands andWalvis Bay
  3. ^Basutoland was annexed to the Cape Colony in 1871, before becoming a Crown colony in 1884. See"Lesotho: History". The Commonwealth. Archived fromthe original on 1 November 2017. Retrieved8 November 2017.

Citations

[edit]
  1. ^abWilmot & Chase 1869, p. 268.
  2. ^Cape of Good Hope 1866, p. 11.
  3. ^abcdefghiMalherbe 1939, p. 1038.
  4. ^Heese 1971, p. 15.
  5. ^Keltie & Epstein 1920, p. 222.
  6. ^abHunt 2005, pp. 13–15.
  7. ^Parthesius 2010.
  8. ^Lucas 2004, pp. 29–33.
  9. ^Worden 2010, pp. 94–140.
  10. ^Lambert 2009, pp. 32–34.
  11. ^Shell, Robert C.-H. (8 May 2007)."Immigration: The Forgotten Factor in Cape Colonial Frontier Expansion, 1658 to 1817".Safundi.6 (2):1–38.doi:10.1080/17533170500106201.S2CID 219717224. Retrieved28 February 2023.
  12. ^Mbenga & Giliomee 2007, pp. 59–60.
  13. ^Ward 2009, pp. 322–342.
  14. ^Greaves 2013, pp. 36–35.
  15. ^abStapleton 2010, pp. 4–6.
  16. ^Adhikari, Mohamed (27 September 2010)."A total extinction confidently hoped for: the destruction of Cape San society under Dutch colonial rule, 1700–1795".Journal of Genocide Research.12 (1–2):19–44.doi:10.1080/14623528.2010.508274.PMID 20941880.S2CID 43522981. Retrieved10 April 2022.
  17. ^Worden 2010, pp. 40–43.
  18. ^Lloyd 1997, pp. 201–206.
  19. ^Cana, Gibson & Hillier 1911.
  20. ^Meredith 2007, p. 1.
  21. ^Penn, Nigel (22 May 2013)."The British and the 'Bushmen': the massacre of the Cape San, 1795 to 1828".Journal of Genocide Research.15 (2):183–200.doi:10.1080/14623528.2013.793081.S2CID 72177008. Retrieved10 April 2022.
  22. ^Evans 1993, p. 576.
  23. ^Oakes 1992.
  24. ^Parsons 1993.
  25. ^Dugard 2006, p. 136.
  26. ^Ziegler 2008.
  27. ^Martin, Robert Montgomery (1836).The British Colonial Library: In 12 volumes. Mortimer. p. 112.
  28. ^Martin, Robert Montgomery (1836).The British Colonial Library: In 12 volumes. Mortimer. p. 113.
  29. ^Hancock 1962, p. 219.
  30. ^Farlam 2001, pp. 87–88.

General and cited references

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Further reading

[edit]
  • Beck, Roger B. (2000).The History of South Africa. Westport, CT: Greenwood.ISBN 0-313-30730-X
  • Davenport, T. R. H., and Christopher Saunders (2000).South Africa: A Modern History, 5th ed. New York: St. Martin's Press.ISBN 0-312-23376-0.
  • Elbourne, Elizabeth (2002).Blood Ground: Colonialism, Missions, and the Contest for Christianity in the Cape Colony and Britain, 1799–1853. McGill-Queen's University Press.ISBN 0-7735-2229-8
  • Le Cordeur, Basil Alexander (1981).The War of the Axe, 1847: Correspondence between the governor of the Cape Colony, Sir Henry Pottinger, and the commander of the British forces at the Cape, Sire George Berkeley, and others. Brenthurst Press.ISBN 0-909079-14-5
  • Mabin, Alan (1983).Recession and its aftermath: The Cape Colony in the eighteen eighties. University of the Witwatersrand, African Studies Institute.
  • Ross, Robert, and David Anderson (1999).Status and Respectability in the Cape Colony, 1750–1870 : A Tragedy of Manners.Cambridge University Press.ISBN 0-521-62122-4.
  • Theal, George McCall (1970).History of the Boers in South Africa; Or, the Wanderings and Wars of the Emigrant Farmers from Their Leaving the Cape Colony to the Acknowledgment of Their Independence by Great Britain. Greenwood Press.ISBN 0-8371-1661-9.
  • Van Der Merwe, P.J., Roger B. Beck (1995).The Migrant Farmer in the History of the Cape Colony.Ohio University Press.ISBN 0-8214-1090-3
  • Worden, Nigel; Van Heyningen, E.; Bickford-Smith, Vivian (1998).Cape Town: The Making of a City : an Illustrated Social History. David Philip.ISBN 978-0-86486-435-2.

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