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Canton Appenzell Land Appenzell[1]
1403–1597
Flag Coat of arms
Capital	Appenzell
History
• Rebelled against the Abbot of St. Gallen	May 1403
• Alliance with most of theOld Swiss Confederacy	24 November 1411
• Associate member of the Swiss Confederacy	15 November 1452
• Full member of the Swiss Confederacy	17 December 1513
• Partitioned	8 September 1597
Preceded by Succeeded by Abbey of St. Gallen Appenzell Innerrhoden Appenzell Ausserrhoden

Appenzell (German pronunciation:[ˈapn̩ˌtsɛl]^ⓘ) was acanton in the northeast ofSwitzerland, and entirely surrounded by thecanton of St. Gallen, in existence from 1403 to 1597.

Appenzell became independent of theAbbey of Saint Gall in 1403 and entered a league with theOld Swiss Confederacy in 1411, becoming a full member in 1513. It wasdivided intoAppenzell Innerrhoden andAppenzell Ausserrhoden in 1597 (in a process called theLandteilung) as a result of theSwiss Reformation.

The territory of Appenzell as a geographical entity is known asAppenzellerland. While in political contexts, the two cantons (until 1999half-cantons) are referred to asbeide Appenzell ('both Appenzells').

The nameAppenzell derives fromLatin:abbatis cella 'cell (i.e., estate) of theabbot'. This refers to theAbbey of St. Gall, which exerted a great influence on the area. By the middle of the 11th century, the abbots of St Gall had established their power in the land later called Appenzell, which by that time was thoroughlyAlemannic.^[2]

By about 1360, conflicts overgrazing rights, taxes, and tithes were causing concern for both the abbot and the farmers of Appenzell. Both parties wanted to protect their rights and interests by joining the newSwabian League. In 1377 Appenzell was allowed to join the League with the support of the cities ofKonstanz andSt. Gallen (the city of St. Gallen was often at odds with the neighboring Abbey of St. Gall). With the support of the League, Appenzell refused to pay many of the gifts and tithes that the Abbot Kuno von Stoffeln demanded. In response to the loss of revenue from his estates, Kuno approached theAustrianHouse of Habsburg for help. In 1392 he made an agreement with the Habsburgs, which was renewed in 1402. In response, in 1401 Appenzell entered into an alliance with the city of St. Gallen to protect their rights and freedom.^[3]

Following increasing conflicts between the Appenzellers and the abbot's agents, including the bailiff of Appenzell demanding that a dead body be dug up because he wanted the man's clothes,^[4] the Appenzellers planned an uprising. On a certain day, throughout the abbot's lands, they attacked the bailiffs and drove them out of the land. Following unsuccessful negotiations, Appenzell and St. Gallen entered into a treaty. The treaty between St. Gallen and Appenzell marked a break between the abbot and his estates. Perhaps fearing the Habsburgs, in 1402 the League expelled Appenzell. During the same year, St. Gallen reached an agreement with the abbot and Appenzell could no longer count on St. Gallen's support. Appenzell declared itself ready to stand against the abbot, and in 1403 formed an alliance with theCanton of Schwyz, a member of theOld Swiss Confederation that had defeated the Austrians in the last century.Glarus provided less support, but authorized any citizen who wished to support Appenzell to do so.^[4] In response, the League raised an army and marched to St. Gallen, before heading toward Appenzell. On 15 May 1403, they entered the pass toSpeicher and outside the village of Vögelinsegg met the Appenzell army. A small force of Appenzell and Confederation troops defeated the League army and signed a short lived peace treaty.

Following another Appenzell victory on 17 June 1405, atStoss Pass on the border of Appenzell town, the new canton continued to expand.^[3] During the expansion, Appenzell had even captured the abbot of St Gall and in response they wereexcommunicated by theBishop of Constance.^[4]

However, while theBund expanded the Austrians used the peace to regain their strength. On 11 September 1406 an association of nobles formed a knightly order known as theSankt Jörgenschild (Order of St. George's Shield) to oppose the rebellious commoners of theBund.^[5] Following a defeat atBregenz, Appenzell was unable to hold theBund together. The city of St. Gallen and the Canton of Schwyz each paid off the Austrians to avoid an attack, and theBund was dissolved by KingRupert on 4 April 1408.^[3]

As part of the peace treaty, the abbot gave up his ownership of Appenzell, but was still owed certain taxes.^[4] However, it was not until 1410 that the area was at peace.^[3]

In 1411 Appenzell signed a defensive treaty with the entire Swiss Confederation (exceptBern), which strengthened their position against the abbot. Appenzell joined the Confederation as an "Associate Member", and would not become a full member until 1513. Following another battle, in 1429, Appenzell was granted freedom from the obligations in the future. This treaty represented the end of Appenzell's last financial tie to the Abbey of St. Gall, and a movement to closer relationships with the Confederation.^[3]

Starting in 1522, followers ofMartin Luther andHuldrych Zwingli began to preach theProtestant Reformation in Appenzell. The early reformers had the most success in the outerRhoden, a term that in the singular is said to mean a "clearing", and occurs in 1070, long before the final separation.^[2] Following the initial small success, in 1523Joachim von Watt (also known as Joachim Vadian) began to preach the reformed version of theActs of the Apostles to friends and fellow clergy.^[6] His preaching brought the Reformation into the forefront of public debate. In October 1523, the Council supported the Protestant principle of scriptural sermons and on 24 April 1524Landsgemeinde confirmed the Cantonal Council's decision. However, the work of theAnabaptists in the Appenzell region (as well as inZürich andSt. Gallen) in 1525 led to government crackdowns. The first police action against the Anabaptists took place in June 1525, followed by the Anabaptist Disputation in Teufen in October 1529.^[7]

To end the confrontation between the old and new faiths, the Landesgemeinde decided in April 1525, that each parish should choose a faith, but that the principle of free movement would be supported, so that the religious minority could attend the church of their choice regardless of where they lived. The entire Ausserrhoden converted to the Reformation in 1529, with the exception of Herisau, whose Catholic priest, Joseph Forrer, convinced the town to remain with the old faith for the time being, whereas the Innerrhoden remained with the old faith, with the exception of Gais.^[7] While the majority of the residents of Appenzell town remained Catholic under Pastor Diepolt Huter, there was a strong Reformed minority. In 1531, the minority were nearly successful in getting the town to ally with the Protestant Ausserrhoden. But an armed mob of angry residents from the neighboring village of Gonten prevented the abolition of theMass in Appenzell. The Catholic victory in theSecond War of Kappel in 1531 ended plans for a reformation of the entire Canton of Appenzell.^[7]

After the Second War of Kappel, the two religions reached a generally peaceful parity. They remained united by common business interests, the same political and legal understanding, a shared desire to form an alliance with France and a shared opposition to the city of St. Gallen. This shared opposition to St. Gallen was demonstrated in the so-called linen affairs (1535–42, 1579), where the weavers throughout Appenzell supported each other when they felt that they were unfairly treated by the linen industry of St. Gallen.^[7] Nonetheless, divisions over matters of religion and foreign policy, especially with regards to alliances between Catholic and Protestant cantons and the foreign powers of Spain and France, respectively, led to the peaceful partition of the canton in 1597. The terms of partition were arbitrated by representatives of both Catholic cantons (Luzern, Schwyz, Nidwalden) and Protestant cantons (Zürich, Glarus, Schaffhausen).^[7]

After this time, the termKanton Appenzell continued to refer to both half-cantons, although this usage has since become outdated. Usuallydie beiden Appenzell ("the two Appenzells") are spoken of in a political context, andAppenzellerland in a geographic context, if the aim is to refer to Innerrhoden and Ausserrhoden collectively.

From 1798 to 1803 both Appenzells, with the other domains of the abbot of St Gall, were formed into thecanton of Säntis of theHelvetic Republic, but in 1803, on the creation of the newcanton of St Gall, shrank back within its former boundaries.^[2]

This sectionis largely based on an article in the out-of-copyrightEncyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, which was produced in 1911. It should be brought up to date to reflect subsequent history or scholarship (including the references, if any). When you have completed the review, replace this notice with a simple note on this article's talk page.(October 2017)

Appenzellerland is an alpine region, particularly in the south, where the Alpsteinlimestone range (culminating in theSäntis, with an elevation of 2,504 metres or 8,216 feet) is found, though towards the north the surface is composed rather of green hills, separating green hollows in which nestle neat villages and small towns. It is mainly watered by two streams that descend from the Säntis, theUrnasch joining the Sitter (on which is the capital, Appenzell), which later flows into the Thur. There aretrams from Appenzell toSt Gallen either throughGais or throughHerisau, as well as lines from St Gallen toTrogen and fromRorschach toHeiden.^[2]

Since 1597 it has been divided, for religious reasons, into two half-cantons, which are quite independent of each other, and differ in many points. The north and west portion orAusser Rhoden has a total area of 242 km² (93.6 sq mi), of which 235 km² (90.6 sq mi) are classed as "productive"; forests cover 58 km² (22.5 sq mi) and glaciers 0.098 km² (0.038 sq mi), and its population is mainly German-speaking and Protestant. Its political capital isTrogen, though the largest town isHerisau, whileTeufen, andHeiden in the north-east corner is the most frequented of the many goats' whey cure resorts for which the entire canton is famous (Urnäsch and Gais are also in Ausser Rhoden). This half-canton is divided into three administrative districts, comprising twenty communes, and is mainly industrial, the manufacture of cotton goods,muslins, and embroidery being very flourishing. It sends one member (elected by theLandsgemeinde) to the federalStänderat and three to the federalNationalrat (elected by a direct popular vote).^[2]

The south or more mountainous portion of Appenzell forms the half-canton of Appenzell,Inner Rhoden. It has a total area of 173 km² (66.7 sq mi) (of which 163 km² or 62.8 sq mi are classed as "productive", forests covering 33 km² (12.8 sq mi) and glaciers 0.98 km² (0.38 sq mi)). Its population is almost entirely German-speaking, and predominantly Catholic. Its political capital is Appenzell, which is also the largest village, while Weissbad (near it) and Gonten are the best-known goats' whey cure resorts. Embroidery and muslins are made in this half-canton, though wholly at home by the work-people. But it is very largely pastoral. Inner Rhoden is extremely conservative, and has the reputation of always rejecting any federalReferendum. For similar reasons it has preserved many old customs and costumes, those of the women being very elaborate and picturesque, while the herdsmen have retained their festival attire of red waistcoats, embroidered braces and canary-coloured shorts. Appenzell's annual New Year's Day festivities are still governed by theJulian calendar and are thus currently held on 14 January. It sends one member (named by theLandsgemeinde) to the federalStänderat, and one also to the federalNationalrat, while it forms but a single administrative district, though divided into six communes.^[2]

This sectionis largely based on an article in the out-of-copyrightEncyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, which was produced in 1911. It should be brought up to date to reflect subsequent history or scholarship (including the references, if any). When you have completed the review, replace this notice with a simple note on this article's talk page.(October 2017)

Both Appenzell cantons had traditions of holdingLandsgemeinden, or democratic assemblies held in the open air, in which every male and female citizen (not being disqualified) over twenty years of age must (under a financial penalty) appear personally: each half-canton has such an assembly of its own, that of Inner Rhoden always meeting at Appenzell, and that of Ausser Rhoden in the odd years atHundwil (near Herisau) and in the even years atTrogen.^[2] However, in Ausser Rhoden this institution wasabolished by a ballot on 29 September 1997 by 54% of voters (61% of the electorate voted). Ameasure to reintroduce the institution in 2010 failed, with 70.29% of participating electors voting against it. Landsgemeinden continue to be used in Inner Rhoden, with the closest attempt at abolishing it failing in 1991.

This institution is of immemorial antiquity, and the meetings in either case are always held on the last Sunday in April. TheLandsgemeinde is the supreme legislative authority, and elects both the executive (in Inner Rhoden composed of nine members and calledStändekommission, and in Ausser Rhoden of seven members and calledRegierungsrat) and the president orLandammann; in each half-canton there is also a sort of standing committee (composed of the members of the executive and representatives from the communes—in Inner Rhoden one member per 250 or fraction over 125 of the population, and in Ausser Rhoden one member per 1000 of the inhabitants) which prepares business for theLandsgemeinde and decides minor matters; in Inner Rhoden it is named theGrossrat and in Ausser Rhoden theKantonsrat. As various old-fashioned ceremonies are observed at the meetings and the members each appear with his girded sword, the sight of a meeting of theLandsgemeinde is most striking and interesting.The existing constitution of Inner Rhoden dates mainly from 1872, and that of Ausser Rhoden from 1876.^[2]

The oldest codes of the laws and customs of the land (Landbücher) date from about 1540^[8] and 1585, the original manuscript of the latter (called the "Silver Book" from its silver clasps) being still used in Inner Rhoden when, at the beginning of the annualLandsgemeinde, the newly electedLandammann first takes the oath of office, and the assembled members then take that of obedience to him, in either case with uplifted right hands.^[2]

In fact there are twoLandamann: a so-calledRegierender Landaman (acting Landamann) and aStillstehender Landamann (vice Landamann). The terms are for two years and will switch between them after the two year, but they have to be confirmed every year by the voters. In particular theRegierender Landaman has to be confirmed by the voters by actually voting. This actually leaves the voters with the possibility to drop any member of the government during theLandsgemeinde and select someone else.

• Appenzeller Sennenhund
• Zäuerli

Wikivoyage has a travel guide forAppenzell.

• Tourismus site by Appenzell Inner Rhodes
• Tourismus site by Appenzell Outer Rhodes

47°20′46″N9°20′31″E / 47.3461°N 9.3419°E /47.3461; 9.3419

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