Canton Merchants' Corps Uprising
Remnants of the Thirteen Factories after the fire
Date August 1924 – October 1924 Location Guangzhou,China Result Government victory
Belligerents
Guangzhou Military Government Kuomintang National Revolutionary Army Supported by:  Soviet Union	Canton Merchants' Corps
Commanders and leaders
Sun Yat-sen Chiang Kai-shek Hu Hanmin Liao Zhongkai Vasily Blyukher (military advisor)[1]	Chen Lianbo [zh] Chen Gongshou [zh] Zou Jingxian Li Songshao Deng Jieshi
Casualties and losses
2,000 civilians dead or wounded

TheCanton Merchants' Corps Uprising orCanton Merchants' Corps Incident, also known asBurning of Canton^[2] was an armed conflict between the Canton Merchants' Volunteer Corps and theNationalistarmy inGuangzhou,China, in late 1924. It ended in a decisive government victory.

In 1911, during the period ofXinhai Revolution, society was in chaos. Merchants inGuangzhou (then known as "Canton") established a volunteers corps for self-defense and security.Chen Lianbo (陳廉伯), also known as Chan Lim Pak, was elected commander, and also Director of Finance at the Canton Merchants' Public Safety Organization (廣州粵商公安維持會). Chen supported the volunteer corps and lent funds for the corps to buy weapons. In 1917, Chen, as leader of the CMPSO, continued to provide weapons for the corps. In August 1919, he served as its regimental commander. The size of the corps reached 13,000 in 1924. The Corps maintained a neutral attitude during this period of frequent regime changes in Guangzhou. For their protection of merchants' interests and public security, the Corps were welcomed by many citizens in Guangzhou.^[3][4]

In 1923, allying with theYunnan andGuangxicliques,Sun Yat-sen's army defeatedChen Jiongming and occupied Guangzhou. However, Sun broke the promises of hisConstitutional Protection Movement to govern along the lines of the old Chinese constitution. Instead, a conscription law was passed^[5] and property from temples was confiscated for sale by the state, both angering many citizens. The government also began issuing large sums of money, driving up inflation.^[6] The huge military expenses forced the government to re-legalize gambling, drawing considerable ire from the locals.^[7]

In January 1924, afterits first national conference, the Nationalistsentered an alliance withSoviet Union and the Communists. Worrying that Sun would eventually adopt communism in Guangzhou, the merchants changed their attitudes towards the government. In May, the Nationalists announced a law of "unified road ownership" to impose a new tax and caused further dissatisfaction. In August, many strikes happened in Guangzhou. The Canton Merchants' Corps established its "Defense Headquarters", in which Chen was the commander andDeng Jieshi (鄧介石) andChen Gongshou (陳恭受) vice-commanders. After further negotiations, the government decided to withdraw the road ownership law and the strike was suspended.^[8]

On August 10, 1924, the British-registered shipHarvard arrived in Guangzhou, carrying some 9000 guns, 40 machine gun, and 3 million rounds of ammunition purchased by the merchants' corps from a British company. The merchants' corps had already been approved for the weapon purchase, but the ship was immediately detained byChiang Kai-shek'sJianggu (江固艦). The government claimed that both the quantity of weapons and their arrival date did not match what had been stated. On August 12 and 15, about a thousand of the Canton Merchants' Corps marched to Sun's office and appealed to the government to release their weapons. Sun refused and the merchants' corps called a strike all over theGuangdong Province.^[8]

On August 24, Sun Yat-sen announced a curfew in Guangzhou, and a warrant was issued for Chen Lianbo's arrest. Two days later,Nanhai,Panyu,Shunde,Taishan,Dongwan,Zengcheng,Xinhui,Qingyuan,Gaoyao,Qujiang,Yangjiang,Luoding, and 20 other counties decided to join the strike in support of the merchants' corps. Inside the Nationalist government,Wang Jingwei andHu Hanmin disagreed with Sun's proposal of suppression;Liao Zhongkai, who approved it, was forced to resign. On September 4, Sun left Guangzhou forShaoguan, the base ofNorthern Expedition, and appointed Hu as thegovernor . On September 15, Chen Lianbo and Chen Gongshou posted that the merchants' corps had no intention to overturn the government in Guangzhou and would abide by orders from Sun and his government. Hu withdrew their arrest warrants, and he released a portion of the seized weapons to the corps.^[8][9]

On the afternoon of October 10, theCommunists appointed labor unions, peasant unions, and younger unions with a total of over 50,000 people, joined for a "Double 10 Warning Day".Zhou Enlai conducted the meeting and sent a public warning to the merchants' corps. After the meeting, the CCP held a demonstration and chanted "Beat the Merchants' Corps, Kill Chen Lianbo, and Support the Revolutionary Government". When the crowd came to South Taiping Road (present-day South Renmin Road), they clashed with the merchants' corps, resulting in the death of more than 20 and another 100 injured. The merchants' corps established defense positions inXiguan, blockaded thoroughfares, and posted notices that "Sun Yat-sen should retire" and "Beat Sun's government". During that night, Chen Lianzhong, Chen Lianbo's brother, met Deng Jieshi, Li Songshao, and other leaders of the merchants' corps. It was decided to congregate all the soldiers in Xiguan at5PM on 14 October and take over governmental agencies the morning after.^[8][9]

On the other side, Sun Yat-sen organized a revolutionary committee on 11 October withXu Zongzhi (許崇智),Liao Zhongkai,Wang Jingwei,Chiang Kai-shek,Chen Youren, andTan Pingshan in attendance. On October 15, Chiang led his army ofWhampoa Military Academy cadets back to Guangzhou. Together with Sun's other supporters, they swiftly defeated the Merchants' Corp. Chiang was assisted by Soviet advisors, who also supplied him with weapons, while the merchants used weapons purchased from Western countries.^[10][11] Chen had to leave forHong Kong. During this battle, the business areas in Xiguan were seriously damaged by a great fire.^{[7][8][12][13][14][15]}

• 
  Ruins after burning of the city
• 
  Ruins after burning of the city
• 
  Ruins after burning of the city
• 
  Ruins after burning of the city
• 
  Ruins after burning of the city
• 
  Ruins after burning of the city
• 
  Ruins after burning of the city
• 
  Ruins after burning of the city
• 
  Ruins after burning of the city
• 
  Ruins after burning of the city
• 
  Ruins after burning of the city
• 
  Ruins after burning of the city
• 
  Ruins after burning of the city
• 
  Ruins after burning of the city

Financial losses during this conflict was close toHK$50 million. About two thousand people were killed. Afterwards, the Nationalist government collected protection fees from the merchants, seized their weapons, and levied a $200 fine on each of the participators. The government warned those who failed to comply that the "government cannot be held responsible if soldiers loot or capture anybody".^[4][13] After this incident, some businessmen in Canton tended to support Chen Jiongming instead of Sun. However, with the support ofSoviet Union, Sun eventually defeated Chen.

When Sun died inBeijing, the government in Beijing decided to hold astate funeral for him. The Guangzhou Chamber of Commerce (廣州總商會) and Cantonese Autonomous Council (廣東自治會) held a joined protest against the decision.^[4]

• Timeline of Guangzhou

• 1924 in China
• Conflicts in Guangzhou
• History of the Kuomintang
• Cantonese merchants
• Rebellions in China

• Webarchive template wayback links
• Articles with short description
• Short description matches Wikidata
• Articles containing Chinese-language text
• Pages using Sister project links with default search