Canosa di Puglia, generally known simply asCanosa (Canosino:Canaus), is a town andcomune in theprovince of Barletta-Andria-Trani,Apulia, southern Italy. It is located betweenBari andFoggia, on the northwestern edge of the plateau of theMurgia which dominates theOfanto valley and the extensive plains ofTavoliere delle Puglie, ranging from Mount Vulture at theGargano, to theAdriatic coast. Canosa, the RomanCanusium, is considered the principalarchaeological center of Apulia, and is one of the oldest continually inhabited cities in Italy.[3] A number of vases and other archaeological finds are located in local museums and private collections. It is not far from the position on theOfanto River where the Romans found refuge after the defeat of theBattle of Cannae and is the burial place ofBohemund I of Antioch.
Canosa is theItalian development of theLatinCanusium, derived from theGreekKanýsion (Κανύσιον),[4] whose origin is uncertain. According to the Latin commentatorServius, Canusium derived fromcanis ("dog"), an animal associated with the local worship ofAphrodite.[5] Other derivations include from Greekkháneon (χάνεον, "wicker basket"), from the abundantwicker growing along the Ofanto; theHebrewchanuth ("tavern");[dubious –discuss] and theEtruscan nameCanzna.[5]
Canosa sits on theright bank of theOfanto river (the ancientAufidus)[4] and is nearly 20 kilometers (12 mi) from theAdriatic Sea. The town sits upon theMurgia plateau, between 105 and 140 meters (344 and 459 ft) above sea level. The city is built on a mostly sandy or clay surface that covers alimestone layer ("calcareniti of Gravina") which in turn constitutes the typical white-yellowishtuff and is easily collapsible.This morphological feature allowed the underground construction of artificialgrottoes (used in the 19th century ascellars), and the creation of aHypogeum. The tuff derived from the excavations has gone towards the construction of buildings on the surface. There are risks ofsubsidence due to the presence of caves and underground channels typical ofkarst environments. The buildings of the town of Canosa are considered high risk for collapse.[6] In recent years there have been many building failures and disruptions of roads. The area extends south to the slopes of theMurgia, and is mostly flat. The basins of Rendina and Locone contribute to the large area 150 square kilometers (58 sq mi).
Canosa has a typicaltemperate climate, mild spring and autumn, and cold winters and mild summers.The monthly average temperature is strongly influenced by the Murgiano Range from 7.7 °C (46 °F) in January, to 24.9 °C (77 °F) in August. The average annual rainfall is 547 millimetres (21.5 in) of rainfall, distributed mainly in the period from September to April.[7]Climate classification of Canosa isClimate zone C.
Climate data for Canosa di Puglia (1991–2020 normals)
Theancient Greeks andRomans ascribed the foundation of Canusion or Canusium to theHomeric heroDiomedes,[9] but archeologists have established human presence in the area back to the 7th millennium BC. The Diomedea fields[clarification needed] were one of the main centers of theDauni, a northern branch of theIapyges, during theNeolithic (6th to 4th millennia BC). Toppicelli on the Ofantina plain has revealed buildings and tombs of a rich aristocracy that also seem related to this group.[10]
Excavations have also discovered metal and amber designs which appearEtruscan.[5]
Canusion became an important commercial center for craftsman, especially of ceramics and pottery.[11] Probably settled by thePelasgians,[9] it became a Greekpolis by the time of the development ofMagna Grecia. ThisHellenistic city—located at the site of the present urban core[11]—first appears in the historical record as an ally of theSamnites intheir wars againstRome but was either subdued[9] or voluntarily switched sides[4] in318 BC, after which it served as a Roman ally. FollowingHannibal's216 BCvictory over theconsulsPaullus andVarro at nearbyCannae, Canosa protected the fleeing remnants of the Roman army within its walls.[9] In the second year of theSocial War, it joined the rebels and successfully resisted a Roman siege.[9] During that conflict[4] or thecivil wars that followed,[9] it seems to have suffered greatly and been much reduced in size,[4] although it improved its status to aself-governing municipality (municipium) in88 BC[11] and protected those privileges throughout the conflicts. A list of its local senators has been recovered from the ruins.[9]
The town was a center for agricultural production and trade, particularly inApulianwool.[4]Horace'sSatires complain of the area's gritty bread and bad water[12][13] but note that the people were still fluent in both Latin and Greek.[14] Its coins continued to bear Greek inscriptions through the Roman period.[4] TheVia Traiana reached the town inAD 109[11] and the ruins of a large gateway still honorthat emperor. The city also boasted a very largeamphitheater.[9] It became aRoman colony (colonia) underMarcus Aurelius.[12]Herodes Atticus oversaw the process and constructed anaqueduct,[4] completed in 141.[11]Antoninus Pius made it the capital of theProvince of Apulia and Calabria.[11] Towards the end of the 3rd century it became the capital of Apulia and Calabria II Royal.
The city continued to flourish into the early medieval period,[12] when it became known as the "city ofbishops".[11] Some ofits bishops are known from the 4th century. Bishop Stercorius took part in the 343Council of Sardica, and Bishop Probus intervened decisively against a Spanish bishop who wanted to name his own successor in a council convoked at Rome byPope Hilarius in 465. The diocese reached its apogee underSt Sabinus (514–566),[15][16] who subsequently was honored as the town'spatron saint.[9]
In 963, Canosa was rebuilt at a site below the former Roman city.[17] It remained a Lombardgastaldate until theNormanconquest that established theKingdom of Sicily. UnderBohemund I ofAntioch (d. 1111), son ofRobert Guiscard, it regained some of its earlier importance.[11] The 5-domed cathedral of St Sabinus was completed in 1101. Bohemund's tomb is located just to its south.[17] Following the extirpation of theHohenstaufens, however, it again went into decline.[11]
The ruins and settlement of Canosa were repeatedly damaged by earthquakes, particularly those in 1361,1456, 1627, 1659,[citation needed] 1694, and 1851.[12] The town was also repeatedly sacked, notably by the Tarantini in 1451 and byNapoleon in 1803.[citation needed] As afief, it was controlled by the Casati, theOrsini ofBalzo [it], theGrimaldi ofMonaco, the Gemmis family ofCastelfoce, the Affaitati ofBarletta, and the Capece Minutolo ofNaples.[19]Tiberio Capece was named "prince of Canosa" in 1712.[12]
After theItalian Wars of Independence and the disastrous earthquake in 1851, Canosa remained predominantlybourgeois town as demonstrated by the construction of palaces. Virtually unscathed byWorld War I, the town suffered the effects of the1930 Irpinia earthquake, which caused enormous damage.
On 6 November 1943, duringWorld War II, the area was bombed by theAllies shortly after thearmistice of 8 September. Some buildings were damaged, including the churches of San Francesco and San Biagio and the Town Hall, and 57 people lost their lives. In April 2001 the City of Canosa was awarded the bronze medal for Civil Valor in remembrance of the tragedy. On 17 September 1962, by decree of the President, Canosa was awarded the title of City for its historical traditions and the merits acquired by the community. In 1980 Canosa was again damaged byan earthquake.
The Cathedral of San Sabino was founded in the 8th century by theLombards DukeArechis II of Benevento, after the abandonment of early Christian sites in San Leucio and St. Peter. Originally dedicated to SaintsJohn andPaul, was named after SaintSabinus of Canosa on 7 September 1101, by PopePaschal II, some four hundred years after the transfer of the saint's remains in the crypt. It was recognized as a cathedral in 1916 by PopeBenedict XV.[20]
Nave of the basilica of San Sabino.
The plan of thebasilica is aLatin cross, covered by five domes and anapse lit by three windows, whose central body is covered with a stained-glass window depicting the patron saint. It is an example ofRomanesque/Byzantine architecture. Below thechancel are thecrypt, shrine of the saint. The arches are supported by marble columns withCorinthiancapitals, which were retrieved from devastated ancient monuments. The cathedral lies three feet below the square.[20]
After the earthquake of 1851, the cathedral was damaged and the restoration work led to an expansion of the Latin cross, as well as the reconstruction of thefacade in local tuff with threeportals, each corresponding to the aisles.The chapels contain in order: abaptismal font, afresco, analtar dedicated to Our Lady of the Fountain (protectress of Canosa) whose icon came after theFirst Crusade, in the adjacentMausoleum of Bohemond, the wooden statue and a painting ofAlphonsus Maria de Liguori, and the tomb of Blessed Father Antonio Maria Losito (1838–1917).
The left aisle houses the tomb of theBishop of Lecce ArchbishopFrancesco Minerva (1904–2004) following three chapels: one containing the relics, chalices, crucifixes, and a silver bust of the saint enclosed by an iron grating, and the other dedicated toSaint Anthony (but with canvas representingSaint Francis of Assisi), the third devoted toSaint Anne. On the left arm of a Latin cross are two other chapels that of the St. Sacramento containing the statue of the Sacred Heart and the other ofSaint Joseph.[20]
Thepresbytery has a high altar withciborium, set on a marble base with three steps, surmounted by a canopy supported by four red marble columns with Corinthian capitals, octagonal pyramid in two sections held up a total of 48 columns of the same marble, very similar to that in the Basilica of San Nicola di Bari.[20]
Accessible from the righttransept of the cathedral is the Mausoleum ofBohemond (visitors must ask a church official to unlock the door which gives access.) Erected sometime after 1111, the little building has an upper part characterized by apolygonal drum surmounted by a hemispherical dome. Opposite the door to the Mausoleum is a stone carved heraldic device, aLion Rampant, the style of which appears contemporary with Bohemond, and could therefore represent his personal coat of arms. An asymmetrical bronze double door (now preserved in the side chapel in the adjoining Basilica of Our Lady of the Fountain) was probably created byRoger Melfi (11th century). Inside, in addition to the columns, one going deep, there is on the marble floor the word "BOAMVNDVS".[20]
Dome of the Mausoleum of Bohemond. Picture byPaolo Monti. Fondo Paolo Monti,BEIC
The city 's historic theater is the Teatro D'Ambra, now owned by the city and renamed Teatro Comunale. Its construction was commissioned by Raffaele Lembo, a wealthy localgrain merchant, and dates to 1923. The draft prepared by engineer and architect Arturo Boccasini ofBarletta, had designed the Teatro Di Lillo ofBarletta and had collaborated on the project ofTeatro Margherita diBari. The theater was opened in late 1926 when, with scarce economic resources, they completed part of the structure including without ornaments and decorations. Purchased by the City of Canosa and delivered to the city on 5 February 2005, the historic theater will be completely renovated and restored to house performances again.[20]In May 2006 the renovation work were frozen after of an exceptional archaeological discovery, which was found under the gallery of the theater. This is a complicated intersection of Imperial age with some structures being from the Archaic Age (8th-7th centuries BC).
The Villa Comunale, the center of Canosa, has its origins in the 19th century. Mayor Vincent Sinesi who in 1888 arranged the building adjacent to the Cathedral and the Mausoleum of Bohemond to be donated to the municipality by a few Canosa families.Beyond the Mausoleum of Bohemond, there is a monument dedicated toScipio Africanus, and an altar commemorating the fallen of all wars.Thelapidarium is composed of a remarkable archaeological heritage with Dauna and Roman inscriptions, funerary reliefs, capitals and columns, lintels, and the well of the imperial villas.
The "castle" is actually theacropolis of ancient Canosa (Castrum Canus). The three great towers are the ruins of the eponymous estate located atop the hill overlooking the valley Ofantina. Originally a place of worship and pre-Roman fort, built of tufa blocks was rebuilt as a bastion of the same materials by theGrimaldi. Last owners, from 1856, were the Prince of Canosa Capece Minutolo ofNaples, and remained until 1948.[21] The wear of the blocks that compose it and the color denotes the passage of these various civilizations that have developed the structure in different epochs. The castle has also reported damage after the devastating bombing of the Second World War.[21] Along the steep hill of the Acropolis, there is the old part of the country, with its narrow streets and staircases. At the southern base lie the remains of a Roman amphitheater.
Canosa has ancientHypogeum (many probably still hidden). These were used first byDauni as pagancatacombs, and, within them, celebratedfunerary cults, demonstrating an advanced civilization in the vast era from 6000 BC to 2nd century AD). The burials in the tombs continued to Roman times. The tombs contained, in addition to the deceased (often found in thefetal position), personal items found inurns or deposited in niches.[22] Over the years, however, many of these artifacts (including precious jewelry in gold and bronze, pottery, red figures andaskos) have been lost (or in private hands) due to grave robbers. Often these sites havefrescoes with anallegorical passage of the deceased to take in the afterlife (fordeductio ad inferos). The most important are those of the Cerberus, Lagrasta, Boccaforno and the Hoplite. Other exhibits recovered at the local Museum.
Not far from the town lies in the depths of clay soil, thenecropolis of Santa Sofia. Used around the 4th century AD, for earlyChristians, it extended over other tombs dating back to the time of the persecution against the Christians. It was discovered around 1960 and is undergoing restoration.[22]Other hypogeum and catacombs include:
Ori Tomb (4th century BC)
Ipogei Monterisi-Rossignoli (4th century BC)
Varrese Tomb (4th century BC)
Hypogeum Cerberus (4th century BC)
Ipogeo Scocchera A (4th century BC)
Ipogeo Scocchera B (called Ipogeo Boccaforno, 4th century BC)
The Basilica of San Leucio is one of the greatest examples of early Christian architecture inApulia. A pagan temple until the 2nd century AD, probably dedicated toMinerva, was transformed into a ChristianBasilica between the 4th and 5th centuries AD.The structure is the result of merging the cultures ofMagna Graecia andItalica consisting of a cell dedicated to worship located between two large rooms, withpolychromemosaics, tufa plastered figured capitals and painted columns inDoric –Ionic.The early Christian Basilica of San Leucio was built on aHellenistic temple. Its construction reused the already existing walls, columns and capitals. The floor plan is called a double envelope consists of an outer wall of square shape of 50 metres (160 ft) per side withexedra on each side within which there is a secondconcentric squares withcolonnade exedras. The architecture of the basilica is of oriental inspiration, with preference for large color spaces. In the 9th century a chapel was built adjoining the apse for burial rites.[23]
The Basilica di San Pietro was the first cathedral of the Christian era, then transformed into a tomb ofSaint Sabino (556), patron of Canosa.The complex is with three naves, apse andnarthex of St. Peter's, preceded by a large atrium portico and bordered by a residential building and several other structures used in cemetery functions: amausoleum, theSepulchre of Bishop Sabino, a large brickkiln devoted to cooking and adomus, used probably as a bishop's residence. Also present are mosaics and Doric-Ionic capitals. Since 2001 the entire area is ongoing systematic excavation by theUniversity of Foggia and theUniversity of Bari.[23]
The main body of the twelve-sided shape, contained a heptagonal baptismal font. The compositions were mainly in marble and tuff. The columns that support the barrel vault was damaged over time, as they have lost the gold mosaics that once covered it. Corresponding to the cardinal points, left four smalldodecagon aisles to form a structure of aGreek cross. In the 1800s, it was used as amill. Nevertheless, such use did not affect the status of the building. Since 2001 it is the subject of research by theUniversity of Foggia. Recently, under the Baptistry, have yielded two distinct levels of an early Christian church.[23]
The Roman temple ofJupiter "Toro", aperipteral temple with six columns on the short sides and ten on the long sides, and a brick staircase, took its name from a statue of Jupiter found at the excavation in 1978.[23]
Among other monuments are the Ofanto Roman Bridge (1st century AD), which allowed the passage of the Via Traiana from one side of the river and was used for road traffic until the 1970s. It was reconstructed in theMiddle Ages and restored again in 1759. The base consists of four pillars shaped like aspearhead and five mixed arches.Notable are the Tower and Mausoleums, Casieri Bagnoli andBarbarossa, and the Arch ofGaius Terentius Varro,opus latericium and theopus reticulatum monuments dedicated to the passage of the Roman consul in theBattle of Cannae. The first three sites preserve the remains of some of the fallen in the battle.[23]Finally, the Roman Baths (Ferrara and Lomuscio) located in the city center came to light in the 1950s. They have enrichedapsemosaics.
The dialect is a primaryItalo-Romance dialect arising directly from the Vulgar Latin spoken in ancient Canusium. Linguistically, part of the southern dialects spoken in North CentralApulia. The vocabulary is almost entirely ofLatin origin with influences of ancientGreek.Norman domination has left some words, without upsetting the existinglexical and grammatical system.
The Archaeological Museum was established in 1934 and placed in the 18th-century Casieri palace. It houses about 2,000 archaeological finds from excavations in tombs at Canosa and the 5th-3rd centuries BC. There are inscriptions, sculptures, reliefs, marbles, coins, jewelry, ceramics and pottery dating back to a broad span of about 1500 years representing the ancient Dauno, Roman, early Christian and medievalByzantine.[3]In the past, the museum has been deprived of some pieces of inestimable value, such as gold from the Tomb of the Ori. These jewels are now held at the National Archaeological Museum ofTaranto, and scattered in major Italian and European museums (including theLouvre Museum inParis). The museum collection includes:
Palazzo Sines (19th century), has since 1994 been an exhibition space for thematic exhibitions. It is the seat of the Archaeological Foundation Canosina and home to the Superintendent of Archaeological Heritage of Apulia.[3]
Palazzo Iliceto is an imposing 18th-century building intended as an exhibition space for special exhibits. Until 2005 it was the home of the Museo delle Marionette Canosa, and since 2005 houses the archaeological exhibition God with lightning. It was also used for some theater in the summer of 2003, and outdoor film screenings in the summers of 2004 and 2005. Exhibitions include:
God with lightning (from 18 May 2005): This is an archaeological exhibition that has images sacred to Canusium, sponsored by the Foundation Archaeological Canosina.[3]
The Museum ofPuppets (the valuable and interesting collection of Aquila-Taccardi: an assortment of 52 large characters inbeech,walnut andpine, antique silk robes, armor, copper and nickel silver represented noble Spanish Christians, princesses and Saracens, popes, dukes and cardinals.
The days of the sacred (2003) show the traditions of Holy Week and in Canosa di Puglia.[3]
The Museum of Country Life is housed in an old bakery in the service area of the castle and is sporadically open during the summer, the patron festivals, and at events organized in the castle.The museum, through an extensive development of original objects, traces the daily rural life in the last century, browsing habits and customs of a civilization now vanished.[3] The museum is divided into three macro-areas:
Domestic life: pots, kettles, wooden spoons,faggots to feed the flame and other tools for preparation of food farmers. Also furniture, a stroller, representations of deities placed on the facades of houses.
Agriculture:pruning scissors, blankets, bags, straining vats, crusher, press and barrels of various sizes, plows, hoes, harrows, andagrarian civilization objects linked to production and consumption of extra virgin olive oil, wine and wheat.
The craft: the tools of theblacksmith, thetinsmith, shoemaker, plus all the necessary trades related to the processing of clay, hides, the production of cheeses and dairy products.
The 'Canosina' gastronomy is strongly linked to rural and Mediterraneans culinary traditions.One of the most characteristic is the burned flour of wheat (in the Apulian dialect gren IARS): A dark meal of humble origins, obtained from the grain recovered from the burning of stubble after harvest, from which it was produced the characteristic dark color meal. This recovery was done by people who could not afford the "normal" flour. The most original and popular products that are obtained by mixing equal parts white flour and wheat flour are burned dragged (in dialect strasc-net) withprosciutto and bread (in dialect ppen to prusutt) to make a dark bread mixed with white.Distinguishing gastronomy features of the city are the renownedextra virgin olive oil obtained from Corato olives. Rosso Canosa Wine, produced withUva di Troia (grapes ofTroy, also called a variety of Canosa). Wine production also includes white and red wines, as well as excellent sparkling wines. The main products under the brand IGT (Typical Geographic Indication) are: Nero di Troia, Trebbiano, Cabernet Sauvignon, Puglia Rosso, Sangiovese.
TheItalian wine DOC of Rosso Canosa is designated only for red wine production with the 100 ha (250 acre) zone. Grapes are limited to aharvest yield of 14 tonnes/ha with the finished wine needing at least 12% alcohol. The wine are a blend of 65%Uva di Troia, up to 35% blend ofMontepulciano andSangiovese with Sangiovese, itself, not to exceed 15%, and other local redgrape varieties allowed up to 5%. If the wine is labeledRiserva then it must beaged for a minimum of 2 years with at least one of those years spent inoak barrels/wood.Riserva wine must also have a higher minimum alcohol level of 13%.[24]
The food market (also known as the square) takes place daily in the Piazza Galuppi, currently in the recovery phase, while the traditional weekly market is held every Thursday (with some exceptions) in the St. Johns (known as field-field).
Our Lady ofConstantinople (1 st Tuesday of the month) –Pilgrimage to the Shrine of Our Lady of Constantinople, according to a custom dating from the 8th century.
Via Crucis evocation of the 14 Stations of the Cross, organized by the Santa Teresa Parish.
Procession of the Addolorata (Friday beforePalm Sunday) - is the procession that begins the rites of Holy Week. The procession includes the participation of a very large number of faithful, mostly women dressed and veiled in black, often barefoot. Tradition recalls that theVirgin Mary, in search of her sonJesus, knocked (hence tupp-tuzz'le, i.e. knock) at church doors before reaching the cathedral.
The Tomb (Rite of Holy Week,
Procession of the Mysteries (Rite of Holy Week, Good Friday)
Procession of Distressed (Rite of Holy Week, Holy Saturday) - Probably the most impressive procession of Holy Week. It starts from the Church of San Francesco and San Biagio on Saturday morning. Children dressed as angels open the procession showing the subjects and sentences thePassion of Christ. Below the Distressed statue followed by a large choir of some 250 girls with their faces covered and dressed in black, some still barefoot, screaming (in harrowing ways) a typical song, theStabat Mater.
Procession of Our Lady of the Fountain - the rediscovery of the traditional Feast of First Fruits, on the second Sunday of Easter. Canosini producers lead the ancient icon, preserved in the cathedral by nine centuries
Women sing theStabat Mater during the procession of the distressed
St. Immaculate (December 8) - local parties organized by the parish of St. Immaculate.
Saint Lucia (December 13)
LivingNativity - Representation with 150 figures that extends over an area of 6000 m 2 and a path along 300 m. The first edition was published in 2004. It is estimated about 40,000 visitors a year come witness it.
The Canosina economy is mainly linked to agriculture. The historic resources, archaeological and tourist, facilitate the influx of visitors. The city's central position in relation to the surrounding area, however, helped give rise to particular firms in the textile and food industries.
The location puts the area between the CanosaMurgia andTavoliere delle Puglie, a few miles ofLake Locone. Due to the mild temperatures, typical of the area are the production offigs,prickly pears,almonds,lampascioni,peaches and cherries, without neglecting other vegetables (turnips,beets andArugula), and vegetables.Recently (2005) there have been controversies and protests by farmers due to low scores on local products, which have followed the movement disruption and confrontation with the recording of incidents of crime.Farms surrounding cattle, sheep and goats guarantees the production of milk and cheese for the surroundings dairy industries.[25]
The rolas a strategic road junction has allowed the city to host a number of distribution centers for goods, such as fruits and medicines. In recent decades, Canosa has developed several wineries and olive oil center, along with a majorpasta factory.Since the early 2000s a plannedincinerator in the territory of Canosa has led to many demonstrations and protests. After a long and complicated litigation between the municipal administration and the manufacturers of the plant, in March 2007 a decision of theCouncil of State overturned the building permit for the construction.[26]
Canosa is located near one of the most important motorway hubs of southern Italy. From 1973, the Motorway A16 (Naples-Canosa, also known as Two Seas Highway) intersects Motorway A14 (Bologna –Taranto, also called the Adriatic highway). The toll of Canosa is 172 km fromNaples, 611 km fromBologna and 133 km fromTaranto. At average of 15 - 20 thousand cars, with peaks of 40 - 45 thousand units, and the toll road of Canosa will be extended.[26]In the northeast the modern Provincial Road 231 Andries Coratina (SS 98) parallels theVia Traiana built by EmperorTrajan in 108 AD, linking the ancient TrajanBenevento toBrindisi. In Roman times there was probably a port for shipment of goods, which still is an all-important reference port located atBarletta. Other roads of major importance are the Provincial Road 231 Andries Coratina (SS 98) and State Road 93 Appulo Lucana Barletta-Canosa.[27]
Canosa has a railway station, currently on the Barletta-Spinazzola line. The project dates back to 1861, but in 1888 is entered into an agreement with Southern Railways Company for the construction of the line. The railway line was inaugurated on August 1, 1895. Since the nineties the line was strongly curtailed.[27]
The soccer team of the city is the SS Canosa. The company's corporate colors are red and blue. Currently playing in the Promotion cup, but in the past has played in the Cup of Excellence and the Championship Series D. It also won the Amateur Cup of Italy. Among the sports facilities in the city include:
^abcdefSoprintendenza per i beni archeologici della Puglia, Marisa Corrente (a cura di) 1912 un ipogeo al confine: tomba Varrese: Canosa di Puglia, Palazzo Sinesi, 22 ottobre 2000, Canosa di Puglia, Serimed, 2001
^Annuario Pontificio 2013, Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2013, p. 838,ISBN978-88-209-9070-1
^Questi ultimi poterono fregiarsi del titolo di "Principi di Canosa", attribuitogli ex Regio Decreto del 1914, partendo da Ernesto (1886), fino all'esplicito non riconoscimento dei titoli nobiliari sancito dalla Costituzione. Titolo, comunque, che è diventato parte integrante del nome.
^abcdefGerardo Chiancone,La Cattedrale e il Mausoleo di Boemondo in Canosa (Andria, Tip. Guglielmi), 1983
^abGiuseppe Morea,L'acropoli-castello di Canosa (Bari, Arti grafiche Savarese, 1969)
^abMarisa Corrente; Claudio Ciccarone,Canusium: l'ipogeo dei serpenti piumati (Canosa di Puglia, Serimed, 2003)
^abcdeNunzio Iacobone,Una grande e antica città dell'Apulia, Canusium (Ricerche di storia e topografia, Galatina, Ed. Salentina, 1962)
^P. SaundersWine Label Language (Firefly Books 2004ISBN1-55297-720-X), p. 196
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