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Acannula (/ˈkænjʊlə/ ⓘ; Latin meaning 'little reed';pl.:cannulae orcannulas)[1] is a tube that can be inserted into the body, often for the delivery or removal of fluid or for the gathering of samples. In simple terms, a cannula can surround the inner or outer surfaces of atrocar needle thus extending the effective needle length by at least half the length of the original needle. Its size mainly ranges from 14 to 26[2]gauge. Like hypodermic needles, different-sized cannulae are often color coded.
Decannulation is the permanent removal of a cannula (extubation),[3] especially of atracheostomy[4] cannula, once aphysician determines it is no longer needed.
Cannulas normally come with atrocar inside. The trocar is a needle, which punctures the body in order to get into the intended space.[5]
Intravenous cannulas are the most common in hospital use. A variety of cannulas are used to establishcardiopulmonary bypass incardiac surgery. Anasal cannula is a piece of plastic tubing that runs under thenose and is used to administeroxygen.
Avenous cannula is inserted into avein, primarily for the administration of intravenous fluids, for obtaining blood samples and for administering medicines. Anarterial cannula is inserted into an artery, commonly the radial artery, and is used during major operations and in critical care areas to measure beat-to-beat blood pressure and to draw repeated blood samples. Insertion of the venous cannula can be a painful procedure that can lead to anxiety and stress. Use of avapocoolant (cold spray) immediately before cannulation reduces pain during the procedure, without increasing the difficulty of cannulation.[6]
Complications may arise in the vein as a result of the cannulation procedure, the four main groups of complication are:
An aortic cannula may be placed in theaorta, for example in a diseasedascending aorta, using theSeldinger technique.[7]
Anasal cannula or an oral–nasal cannula consists of a flexible tube, usually with multiple short, open-ended branches for comfortable insertion into thenostrils and/ormouth, and may be used for the delivery of a gas (such as pureoxygen), a gas mixture (as, for example, duringanesthesia), or to measure airflow into and out of the nose and/or mouth.
In general aviation, a nasal cannula may be used to administer oxygen in non-pressurized aircraft flying 10,000 feet above sea level.[8]
The removal of a tracheotomy tube is referred to as decannulation.[9]
A cannula is used in an emergency procedure to relieve pressure and bloating in cattle and sheep withruminal tympany, due most commonly to their accidentally grazing wiltedlegume or legume-dominant pastures, particularlyalfalfa,ladino, andred and white clover.[10]
Cannulas are a component used in the insertion ofveterinary microchips.
Much larger cannulas are used to research about the digestive system ofcannulated cows.[11]
Inaesthetic medicine, a blunt-tip cannula or microcannula (also called smooth tip microcannula, blunt tipped cannula, or simply microcannula) is a small tube with an edge that is not sharp and an extrusion port or pore near the tip which is designed for atraumatic subdermal injections of fluids or gels.
Depending on the size of the internal diameter, it can be used either for the injection of cosmetic wrinkle fillers likehyaluronic acid, collagen, poly-L-lactic acid, CaHA, etc., or for fat transfer (Liposuction). The American Society for Aesthetic Plastic surgery notes additional soft tissue fillers like calcium hydroxy-apatite and polymethylmethacrylate.[12] The advantage of using these is that they are less painful, have less risk of bruising, have less swelling, and a better safety profile. Accidental intravascular injections are more difficult with blunt-tip microcannulas, reducing the risk of skin necrosis, ulcers, and embolization to the retinal artery which can result in blindness.[13] Indeed, in May 2015, the USA issued a warning of these risks as an FDA Safety Communication on the "Unintentional Injection of Soft Tissue Filler Into Blood Vessels In the Face".
In January 2012, the "Dermasculpt" microcannula was approved by the FDA for use in the United States for use with soft tissue fillers[14] followed by the "Magic Needle", "Softfil", "TSK STERiGLIDE™ byAir-Tite Products", and "Sculpt-face".[15] The primary structural differences between microcannulas is the distance of the extrusion port or pore from the tip (closer is more precise), the bluntness of the tip (tapered blunt tip is easier for entry), and the flexibility of the shaft (enough flexibility to move around sensitive structures but enough rigidity for precise placement).[16]
Since microcannula tips are blunt, a Pilot or Introducer needle is required for entry through the skin and the technique is to thread the microcannula through this tiny opening. Microcannula cosmetic injection techniques have been developed on how to best place cosmetic wrinkle fillers such as the Long MicroCannula Double Cross-Hatched Fan and the Wiggle Progression techniques.[16]
In April 2016, the concept of the use of microcannula to inject more than cosmetic fillers was first published. The technique of Microcannula Injected Local Anesthesia (MILA) was described on the use of microcannula to inject local anesthesia with less pain, bruising, and swelling. Also introduced were Accelerated Healing After Platelet-Rich Plasma (AHA-PRP), Accelerated Healing After Platelet-Rich Fibrin Matrix (AHA-PRFM), and the use of microcannula to dissolve Sculptra nodules.[17]
Cannulas are used inbody piercing when using a standard IV needle (usually between 18GA and 12GA, although may be as large as 0GA, in which case the procedure is known asdermal punching and uses abiopsy punch without a cannula), and for inserting hooks forsuspensions.
During piercing, thefistula is created by inserting the needle. The needle is then removed, leaving the cannula in place, which is sometimes trimmed down. The cannula is then removed and sterile jewelry is inserted into the fistula simultaneously, in order to minimise trauma to the fresh fistula caused by insertion of blunt-ended jewelry.
In synthetic chemistry, a cannula refers to a piece of stainless steel or plastic tubing used to transfer liquids or gases from one vessel to another without exposure to air. See more atCannula transfer.
In biological research, a push-pull cannula, which both withdraws and injects fluid, can be used to determine the effect of a certain chemical on a specificcell. The push part of the cannula is filled with a physiological solution plus the chemical of interest and is then injected slowly into the local cellular environment of a cell. The pull cannula then draws liquid from the extracellular medium, thus measuring the cellular response to the chemical of interest. This technique is especially used forneuroscience.
