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The "Canadian Caper" was the joint covertrescue bythe Canadian government and theCIA of six Americandiplomats who had evaded capture during theseizure of the United States embassy inTehran, Iran, on November 4, 1979, after theIranian Revolution, when Islamist students took most of the American embassy personnel hostage, demanding the return of the US-backedShah for trial.[1]
After the diplomats had been sheltered by the British mission and Canadian diplomatic personnel, the Canadian and United States governments worked on a strategy to gain their escape through subterfuge and use of Canadian passports. The "caper" involved two CIA officers (Tony Mendez and his colleague Ed Johnson) joining the six diplomats in Tehran to form a fake film crew. It was purportedly made up of six Canadians, one Irishman and one Latin American, who were finishingscouting for an appropriate location to shoot a scene for the science-fiction filmArgo, production of which had in fact been abandoned. On the morning of Sunday, January 27, 1980, the full eight-person party passed through passport control at theMehrabad Airport in Tehran, boarded aSwissair flight toZürich and escaped Iran.[2]
An article written about these events was published inWired in 2007. The article was used loosely—alongside a memoir Mendez wrote—byChris Terrio as the basis of the 2012 filmArgo.
On September 14, 2023, as part of the season finale ofThe Langley Filespodcast, the CIA disclosed the identity of "Julio" to be Ed Johnson, a linguist and expert in extractions.[3]
When theIslamic Iranian Revolution occurred, the US-backedShah of Iran,Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, fled the country. Amid the turmoil, a mob of young Islamists, known as theMuslim Student Followers of the Imam's Line, stormed the US Embassy inTehran on November 4, 1979, capturing dozens of diplomats and holding them hostage. They demanded the return of the Shah to Iran for trial.[4] The provisional government fell shortly thereafter, when Prime MinisterMehdi Bazargan and his cabinet resigned.[5]
Although the new Iranian government stated that the hostage-takers were students acting on their own, it joined in demands for the return of the Shah.[citation needed] Most of the hostages were held until early 1981.
Robert Anders, Cora Amburn-Lijek, Mark Lijek, Joseph Stafford, Kathleen Stafford and Lee Schatz were the six American diplomats who were harboured by Canadian diplomatsKen Taylor andJohn Sheardown and exfiltrated from Tehran in 1980. They were working in the consulate, a separate building in the embassy compound, when the Iranians came over the wall. Two groups of diplomats fled into Tehran's streets with orders to walk to the British Embassy: The Anders group (excluding Schatz), along with two Americans seeking consular services (including Kim King, who later had a local embassy employee help him obtain an exit visa and fly out of Iran); and the second group, including Consul GeneralRichard Morefield. The latter took an indirect route and were soon captured and returned to the compound. The Anders group neared the British embassy, but saw a huge crowd staging a protest in their path. Robert Anders invited the others to his home, as he lived nearby.[2][non-primary source needed]
Over a six-day odyssey, the Anders group, aided by Thai cook Somchai "Sam" Sriweawnetr, went from house to house, including one night spent at the British residential compound. After three days, theBazargan government fell, and the diplomats realized the ordeal would not be over quickly. Looking for options, Anders contacted his old friend John Sheardown, a Canadian immigration officer, and received an enthusiastic invitation for the entire group.[6] On November 10, five from the original Anders group (Anders, the Lijeks and the Staffords) arrived at the Sheardown residence. In addition to seeing John andZena Sheardown, they were greeted by Canadian Ambassador Ken Taylor. The Staffords were taken by Taylor to his home, where they joined his wifePatricia (Pat). The other three stayed with the Sheardowns. They were sheltered by the two Canadian households for a total of 79 days.[7] On November 27, Taylor received a call from the Swedish ambassadorKaj Sundberg, asking him to take in American Lee Schatz. Schatz had initially slept on the floor at the Swedish embassy and later stayed at the apartment of Swedish consul Cecilia Lithander. However, the Swedish ambassador felt he could better impersonate a Canadian. Taylor agreed, and placed Schatz in the Sheardown residence.[2][non-primary source needed]
The Canadians had taken great personal risks in sheltering the Americans, giving refuge in their private homes to the six American diplomats who were in danger. Two "friendly-country" embassy officials assisted as well, and an unoccupied diplomatic residence was used for several weeks.[2][non-primary source needed]
Taylor contactedFlora MacDonald, CanadianSecretary of State for External Affairs, andCanadian Prime MinisterJoe Clark for assistance. They expressed support for the sheltering effort.[8] They decided to smuggle the six Americans out of Iran on an international flight by usingCanadian passports for them. To do so, anOrder in Council was made to issue official multiple copies of Canadian passports, with various fake identities, to the American diplomats in Canadian sanctuary. The passports that were issued contained a set of forged Iranianvisas prepared by the USCentral Intelligence Agency to be used in an attempt to escape from Iran.[8]
The CIA enlisted two disguise and exfiltration experts,Tony Mendez and Ed Johnson (whose cover name was "Julio") to provide a cover story, documents, appropriate clothing, and materials to change their appearances. Mendez and Johnson worked closely with Canadian government staff inOttawa, who forwarded the passports and other supporting material to the Canadian embassy through a Canadiandiplomatic courier. Mendez and Johnson flew to Tehran for the rescue. Mendez and Johnson had previously worked together in the CIA'sOffice of Technical Service (OTS) branch.[9]
Alternative passports and identities had been prepared for a variety of scenarios, but the cover story selected had the six as Canadians working on aHollywood crewscouting movie locations. The elaborateback-story concerned a film namedArgo, based on the 1967Roger Zelazny science fiction novelLord of Light. The originalLord of Light project, produced by Barry Geller and starringRosey Grier, had been abandoned before the start of filming after funds were embezzled; concept art byJack Kirby existed, and the script was set on a planet with aMiddle-Eastern feel, which the team could use to justify their desire to scout locations in Iran.[9][10]
To make the cover believable, Mendez and Johnson enlisted the help ofJohn Chambers, a veteran Hollywood make-up artist. They established a functioning office atSunset Gower Studios on Sunset Boulevard, named "Studio Six Productions" (a nod to the six diplomats). It used office space that actorMichael Douglas had recently used while making the filmThe China Syndrome (1979). Telephone calls to the "Studio Six" office in Los Angeles would be answered, should anyone call to check on the film's production. Display ads for the upcoming "Studio Six" film were placed in Hollywood publications, and one such newspaper was given to Cora Lijek to carry as part of her cover materials.[7] The team also prepared fake business cards, held a film party at a nightclub in Los Angeles, and took out early advertisements for the film inVariety andThe Hollywood Reporter industry magazines. Robert Sidell, a friend of Chambers and also a makeup artist, posed as a film producer at related events, while his wife Joan performed as the receptionist at "Studio Six". Chambers was later awarded CIA'sIntelligence Medal of Merit for his help in the operation.[11][12]
A mistake was made in dating the visas, as theIranian year begins at the spring equinox. One of the Canadian embassy officers spotted the mistake while checking the documents. Fortunately, extra passports had been included, so Mendez and Johnson were able to insert new visa stamps with dates based on the Iranian calendar.[13] As the weeks passed during this preparation, the American diplomats read and played games, mainly cards andScrabble. Taylor worked to fly out non-essential Canadian embassy personnel. Taylor sent others on fake errands, both to establish erratic patterns and to case airport procedures. Tension rose as suspicious telephone calls and other activity indicated that the concealment of the diplomats might have been discovered.[14]
Early on the morning of Sunday, January 27, 1980, Mendez, Johnson, and the six American diplomats, traveling with real Canadian passports and forged entry documents, easily made it through security at Tehran'sMehrabad International Airport.[2][non-primary source needed] After a short delay because of mechanical difficulties with theMcDonnell Douglas DC-8-62, the group boardedSwissair flight 363 (Registration: HB-IDL) forZürich, Switzerland. By coincidence, the aircraft was namedAargau,[15] after theAargau canton in northern Switzerland.[9] Upon landing in Zürich, the six diplomats were taken by CIA operatives to a mountain lodgesafe house for the night. There, they were told that, for diplomatic purposes, they would not be able to talk to the press and that they would be kept hidden in a secret location inFlorida until the hostage situation was resolved.[7] Mendez and Johnson continued toFrankfurt, Germany, where Mendez wrote his after-action report.
The next day, the story broke inMontreal, in an article written by Jean Pelletier, Washington correspondent forLa Presse; it was quickly picked up by the international press.[14] The CIA drove the six diplomats from Switzerland to the USRamstein Air Base in West Germany to be flown across the Atlantic toDover Air Force Base in Delaware.[16]
The eight Americans in the "caper" left Iran on Sunday, January 27. The Canadians closed their embassy the same day. Ambassador Taylor and the remaining staff returned to Canada. The six American diplomats arrived in the United States on January 30, 1980.
The six rescued American diplomats:
The Canadians involved in the rescue were appointed to theOrder of Canada, Canada's second-highest civilian award. They included:
Zena Sheardown, a British subject born inGuyana, would normally have been ineligible for the Order.Flora MacDonald intervened to ensure that she was awarded honorary membership, later converted to full membership when she became a Canadian citizen. Ambassador Taylor was subsequently awarded theCongressional Gold Medal by theUnited States Congress for his critical assistance to the United States.
Pelletier had uncovered some of the facts concerning the escaped diplomats before January 28, 1980, but he did not publish the story. He knew the safety of those involved had to be preserved, although there was great news value to the paper and writer. Several other news organizations also possessed some elements of the story. Pelletier's article ran on January 29 as soon as he knew the hostages had left Iran. But his exposure of the operation resulted in the US having to end their plans to house the six Americans secretly while the hostage drama continued.[14] TheArgo story was blown, but the CIA's role was kept secret by both the US and Canadian governments at the time. They wanted to ensure the safety of the remaining hostages. The CIA's full involvement was not revealed until 1997, when records were declassified.[7]
PresidentJimmy Carter had officially maintained for negotiation purposes that all of the missing American diplomats were held hostage, so the news about six being rescued came as a complete surprise to the public. American gratitude for the Canadians' actions was displayed widely and by numerous American television figures and ordinary citizens alike, who particularly recognized Taylor for gratitude. The Canadian flag was flown in many locations across the United States, and ads were taken out on "Thank You" billboards.[8]
In 1981, atelevision movie about the Canadian Caper was made,Escape from Iran: The Canadian Caper, directed byLamont Johnson, withKenneth D. Taylor played byGordon Pinsent.[17] The movie was filmed in and around Toronto, and was an American-Canadian co-production.[17] A children's illustrated book about the event was written by 2013Eric Hoffer Award–winner Laura Scandiffio and Stephen MacEachern, entitledEscapes![18]
The critically and commercially successful filmArgo, based on this event, was released in North American cinemas on October 12, 2012. In the film, the role of John Sheardown and his wife Zena were omitted for reasons of length and cost.[6][19] The film includes elements of both fact and fiction.[20] In particular, the film focuses largely on the role the CIA played in the operation and minimizes the extended involvement of the Canadians, and their share of strategy and preparation. Former President Jimmy Carter acknowledged this in an interview in 2013, while also praising the film.[21] In addition, the film incorrectly states that the six American diplomats had been turned away by the British and New Zealand embassies. The American diplomats spent one night in a British diplomatic compound before it became obvious that the militants were searching for the diplomats and had confronted the British embassy. All of the diplomats involved agreed that the residence of the Canadian Ambassador would be better suited to sheltering them.[22]Argo won threeOscars, includingBest Picture, at the85th Academy Awards on February 24, 2013.[23]
Historian Robert Wright also covered these events in his bookOur Man in Tehran (2010). A companiondocumentary film of the same title was released in 2013.[24] The Britishdocudrama television seriesBanged Up Abroad featured the story in 2014 as the focus of its Series 9 episodeThe Real Argo.
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