| Act of Parliament | |
 | |
| Long title |
|
|---|---|
| Citation | 1982 c. 11 |
| Territorial extent | Canada[a] |
| Dates | |
| Royal assent | March 29, 1982 |
| Commencement | April 17, 1982 |
| Other legislation | |
| Relates to | British North America Act 1867 |
Status: Current legislation | |
| Text of statute as originally enacted | |
| Revised text of statute as amended | |
TheCanada Act 1982 (1982 c. 11) (French:Loi de 1982 sur le Canada) is anact of theParliament of the United Kingdom and one of the enactments which make up theConstitution of Canada. It was enacted at the request of theSenate andHouse of Commons of Canada topatriate Canada's constitution, ending the power of the British Parliament to amend the constitution. The act also formally ended the "request and consent" provisions of theStatute of Westminster 1931 in relation to Canada, whereby the British parliament had a general power to pass laws extending to Canada at its own request.
Annexed as Schedule B to the act is the text of theConstitution Act, 1982, in both of Canada's official languages (i.e.English andFrench). Because of the requirements ofofficial bilingualism, the body of theCanada Act itself is also set out in French in Schedule A to the act, which is declared by s. 3 to have "the same authority in Canada as the English version thereof".[1]
Canada's modern political history as a union of previously separate provinces began with theBritish North America Act 1867 (officially called theConstitution Act, 1867, in Canada).[2] This act combined theProvince of Canada (nowOntario andQuebec) withNova Scotia andNew Brunswick into aDominion within theBritish Empire.[2]Canada adopted aWestminster-style government with aParliament of Canada. Agovernor general fulfilled the constitutional duties of the Britishsovereign on Canadian soil. Similar arrangements applied within each province.
Despite this autonomy, theUnited Kingdom still had the power to legislate for Canada, and Canada was thus still legally a self-governing British dominion. TheStatute of Westminster 1931 restricted the British Parliament's power to legislate for Canada, unless the Dominion requested and consented to Imperial legislation.[3] This had the effect of increasing Canada's sovereignty. TheBritish North America (No. 2) Act 1949, was also passed by the British Parliament, giving the Parliament of Canada significant constitutional amending powers.[4]
However, with Canada's agreement at the time, under s. 7(1) of the Statute of Westminster, the British Parliament also retained the power to amend the key Canadian constitutional statutes, namely theBritish North America Acts.[5][6][7] In effect, an act of theBritish Parliament was required to make certain changes to the Canadian constitution.[8] Delay in the patriation of the Canadian constitution was due in large part to the lack of agreement concerning a method for amending the constitution that would be acceptable to all of the provinces, particularly Quebec.[9]
TheCanada Act 1982 was passed by theParliament of the United Kingdom in response to the request from the CanadianSenate andHouse of Commons to end Britain's authority and transfer the authority for amending the Constitution of Canada to the federal and provincial governments.[5][10] After unpromising negotiations with the provincial governments, Prime MinisterPierre Trudeau announced that the federal government would unilaterally patriate the Constitution from Britain. Manitoba, Newfoundland and Quebec responded by posingreferences to the provincial courts of appeal, challenging the federal government's power to seek unilateral amendments from Britain. In September 1981, theSupreme Court of Canada ruled in thePatriation Reference that provincial consent was not legally necessary, but to do so without substantial consent would be contrary to a longstandingconstitutional convention.[11] Trudeau succeeded in convincing nine provinces out of ten to consent to patriation by agreeing to the addition of aNotwithstanding Clause to limit the application of theCanadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms[12] as a result of discussions during aFirst Ministers' conference and other minor changes in November 1981.[13]
There was little opposition from the British government to passing the act,[14] with 44members of Parliament (MPs) voting against the act, less than 10 percent of theHouse of Commons. Citing concerns over Canada's past mistreatment of Quebec and Indigenous peoples (as recalled with frustration byJean Chrétien in his memoirsStraight from the Heart),[15] 24Conservative and 16Labour MPs voted against the act. However, new research into documents of theMargaret Thatcher government indicate that Britain had serious concerns about the inclusion of theCanadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms within theCanada Act. Part of this concern stemmed from letters of protest the British received about it from provincial actors, but also because the Charter undermined the principle ofparliamentary supremacy, which until that time had always been a core feature of every government practising theWestminster system.[16]
Through section 2 of theCanada Act 1982, the United Kingdom ended its involvement with further amendments to the Canadian constitution.[17] Amendments to the Constitution now must be made under the variousamending formulas set out in Part V of theConstitution Act, 1982.
TheCanada Act 1982 receivedroyal assent on March 29 inLondon, but it did not take full effect immediately. Canada'sConstitution Act, 1982, was proclaimed in force by Elizabeth II asQueen of Canada on April 17 onParliament Hill inOttawa. The proclamation marked the end of a long process and efforts by many successive governments to patriate the Constitution. The proclamation brought into force the new amending formula, ending any role for the British Parliament in Canadian law, and implemented theCanadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.[5][18]
The monarch's constitutional powers and roles over Canada were not affected by the act.[19] Canada has completesovereignty as an independent country, and the King's role as monarch of Canada is separate from his role as the British monarch or the monarch of any of the otherCommonwealth realms.[20]
... the Constitution Act itself cleaned up a bit of unfinished business from the Statute of Westminster in 1931, in which Britain granted each of the Dominions full legal autonomy if they chose to accept it. All but one Dominion — that would be us, Canada — chose to accept every resolution. Our leaders couldn't decide on how to amend the Constitution, so that power stayed with Britain until 1982.
| |||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||
.svg)
