 | |
 Canada |  Japan |
|---|---|
| Diplomatic mission | |
| Embassy of Canada, Tokyo | Embassy of Japan, Ottawa |
Canada–Japan relations are amicable in many areas.Diplomatic relations between both countries officially began in 1928 with the opening of the Japanese consulate inOttawa. In 1929, Canada opened itsTokyo legation, the first in Asia;[1] and in that same year, Japan its Ottawa consulate to legation form.[2]
Created in 1929, the Canadian mission to Japan is Canada's oldest mission in Asia and third oldest non-Commonwealth mission after the United States and France. Canada has an embassy in Tokyo and a consulate inNagoya. Japan has an embassy in Ottawa and four consulates-general – inCalgary,Montreal,Toronto andVancouver.
According to a 2017BBC World Service Poll, 77% ofCanadians view Japan's influence positively, with 12% expressing a negative view, making Canada one of the most pro-Japanese countries in the world.[3]
| Country polled | Positive | Negative | Neutral | Pos − Neg |
|---|---|---|---|---|
 China | 22% | 75% | 3 | -53 |
 Spain | 39% | 36% | 25 | 3 |
 Turkey | 50% | 32% | 18 | 18 |
 Pakistan | 38% | 20% | 42 | 18 |
 India | 45% | 17% | 38 | 28 |
 Russia | 45% | 16% | 39 | 29 |
 Peru | 56% | 25% | 19 | 31 |
 Nigeria | 57% | 24% | 19 | 33 |
 United Kingdom | 65% | 30% | 5 | 35 |
 Mexico | 59% | 23% | 18 | 36 |
 Kenya | 58% | 22% | 20 | 36 |
 Germany | 50% | 13% | 37 | 37 |
 Indonesia | 57% | 17% | 26 | 40 |
 United States | 65% | 23% | 12 | 42 |
 France | 74% | 21% | 5 | 53 |
 Brazil | 70% | 15% | 15 | 55 |
 Australia | 78% | 17% | 5 | 61 |
 Canada | 77% | 12% | 11 | 65 |
Some Canadian-Japanese contacts predate this mutual establishment of permanent legations. The first known Japanese immigrant to Canada,Manzo Nagano, landed in New Westminster, British Columbia in 1877.[4]
A number of Canadian missionaries working in Japan during theMeiji period played significant roles in both the development of local Japanese Christian churches as well as the modernization of Japan's educational system. Significant among this number were the Rev.Alexander Croft Shaw, a close associate ofYukichi Fukuzawa ofKeio University, G.G. Cochran who helped foundDoshisha University and, Rev Davidson Macdonald MD, who helped to establishAoyama Gakuin University.[2]
In 1887, the sailing route for steamships between Yokohama and Vancouver was opened,[4] with vessels in the ocean service of theCanadian Pacific Railway making regular voyages.[5] One of these Canadian ships, theRMSEmpress of Australia and her captain,Samuel Robinson, RNR gained international acclaim because of rescue efforts undertaken after the1923 Great Kantō earthquake.[6]
From 1904 to 1905,Herbert Cyril Thacker of the Royal Canadian Field Artillery served in the field as a military attaché with the Japanese Army during theRusso-Japanese War.[7] He was awarded theOrder of the Sacred Treasure, Third Class by the Japanese government for his services during the Russo-Japanese War.[8] He also received the Japanese War medal for service during that campaign.[7]
Japan was an ally of the British Empire during the First World War.
The legation Canada opened in Tokyo in 1929 was its third outside the Commonwealth following Washington and Paris. That fact highlights the exceptional importance Canada placed on Japan as a hub for its diplomatic activities throughout Asia.[2] However, the reason for the legation's creation also had much to do with anti-Asian feeling in the Canadian province ofBritish Columbia during the first half of the 20th century. Canadian Prime MinisterWilliam Lyon Mackenzie King was anxious to limit Japanese migration to Canada, saying "our only effective way to deal with the Japanese question is to have our own Minister in Japan to visa passports."[9] As a context, it is worth noting that Japan's consulate in Vancouver was established in 1889, 40 years before its embassy was opened in Ottawa in 1929.[10]
The first Japanese Minister in Canada was PrinceIemasa Tokugawa, serving from 1929 to 1934. The first Canadian Minister in Japan was SirHerbert Marler, serving from 1929 to 1936.[11]
Diplomatic ties were severed in 1941 with the start of thePacific War. During the war, Canadainterned Japanese-Canadians after passage of theWar Measures Act for "national security" purposes. Japanese-Canadians had many of their rights revoked, including the right to work in any occupation they choose as well as their right to own property.
In December 1941, eight hours after the beginning of thePacific War, the Commonwealth forces fighting Japanese forces, during theBattle of Hong Kong included the CanadianC Force, a brigade-level formation. Following their defeat at Hong Kong a few weeks later, hundreds of Canadians becameprisoners of war (POW).
In Alaska, some of theAleutian Islands were occupied by Japanese forces. On 15 August 1943, 29,000 US and 5,000 Canadian troopslanded on Kiska island. They found the island abandoned, as Japanese forces had left two weeks earlier. Two fighter squadrons of theRoyal Canadian Air Force also saw active service over the Aleutians, and claimed one aerial victory over a Japanese aircraft. Three Canadian armed merchant cruisers and two corvettes also served in the Aleutian campaign but did not encounter enemy forces.
FourRoyal Canadian Navy vessels were part of theBritish Pacific Fleet (BPF) in 1944–45. A number of Canadians also served on British vessels, including aviators attached toFleet Air Arm. In particular, the cruiserHMCSUganda took part in acarrier raid on the major Japanese base at Truk. Afterwards the BPF took part in air raids on theJapanese Home Islands.
Canadian representatives returned to Tokyo in 1946 in the wake of Japan's unconditional surrender to allied forces after theAtomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Japan also opened a diplomatic office in Ottawa in 1951 for the preparation of the future resumption of diplomatic relations. Full restoration of Japanese-Canadian relations accompanied theSan Francisco Peace Treaty in 1952.[11]
The Canadian Legation in Tokyo was upgraded to an embassy andRobert Mayhew was appointed as the first Canadian Ambassador to Japan after World War II. Japan also established an embassy in Ottawa and Sadao Iguchi became the first Japanese Ambassador to Canada.[11]
Canada acted in various ways to assist Japan's re-entry into the international community. It was at Canada's initiative that Japan was admitted membership to theColombo Plan conference that convened in Ottawa in 1954, the same year the bilateral Agreement Concerning Commerce was sealed. Canada supported Japan's inclusion inGeneral Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT); and when Japan entered GATT, Canada was one of only a small handful of nations who accorded it most-favored-nation status.[2]
Japan was nominated by, and had the backing of Canada when it joined the United Nations in 1956. Similarly, Canada demonstrated strong support for Japan's admission to theOrganisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) in 1963.[2]
The most noteworthy event which symbolized the restoration of the Canadian-Japanese relationship was the visit of PrinceAkihito (laterEmperor from 1989 to 2019) to Canada in 1953. The following year,Canadian Prime MinisterLouis St. Laurent andJapanese Prime MinisterShigeru Yoshida exchanged visits.[11]
Since the 1950s, Japan and Canada have concluded a number of bilateral agreements concerning fishery, trade, aviation, postal service, atomic energy, and culture. There have been many exchange visits by both Japanese and Canadian Prime Ministers as well. After the 1960s, Prime MinistersNobusuke Kishi,Hayato Ikeda,Kakuei Tanaka,Masayoshi Ohira,Zenko Suzuki,Yasuhiro Nakasone,Noboru Takeshita,Toshiki Kaifu,Tomiichi Murayama,Ryutaro Hashimoto,Keizo Obuchi,Yoshiro Mori andJunichiro Koizumi visited Canada. Canadian Prime MinistersJohn Diefenbaker,Pierre Trudeau,Joe Clark,Brian Mulroney,Kim Campbell,Jean Chrétien, andPaul Martin visited Japan.[11]
During this period, Prime MinisterBrian Mulroney offered an apology in theHouse of Commons for the unjust treatment ofJapanese-Canadians during World War II. As a response toJapanese-Canadian internment, Prime Minister Mulroney and the National Association of Japanese Canadians' President Art Miki signed the Redress Agreement to settle past historical issues in 1988.[11]
In 2008,Canadian Prime MinisterStephen Harper was received at theImperial Palace in Tokyo, marking the 80th anniversary of the start of formal diplomatic relations between Canada and Japan. In July 2009Emperor Akihito andEmpress Michiko made their first state visit to Canada.[12]
In March 2011, Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper wrote and sent a condolence book to millions ofJapanese people and Prime MinisterNaoto Kan, following the2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami andFukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster, inChubu,Kanto andTohoku region includingTokyo was affected and blackout.
On March 26, 2012, Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper visited the coastal region ofSendai, Japan.
.jpg)
.jpg)
Canada and Japan are both members of theComprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership free trade agreement. Canada's exports to Japan totalled (CAD) $10.7 billion in 2011, while Japan's exports to Canada totalled $13 billion. As of 2011, mineral fuels and oils were Canada's main exports to Japan, while vehicle parts, nuclear machinery and electrical machinery were Japan's main exports to Canada.[13]
Canada's Merchandise Trade with Japan, 2015[14]
| Canadian Imports from Japan | Canadian Exports to Japan | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Merchandise Classification | % of total imports | Merchandise Classification | % of total exports | |
| 1 | Motor vehicles, trailers, bicycles, motorcycles | 34.56 | Ores, slag and ash | 15.64 |
| 2 | Boilers, mechanical appliances, etc. | 27.58 | Oil seeds and misc. fruit, grain, etc. | 15.06 |
| 3 | Electrical machinery and equipment | 11.71 | Wood and wood articles, charcoal | 10.87 |
| 4 | Optical, medical, scientific, technical instrumentation | 5.08 | Meat and edible meat offal | 10.62 |
| 5 | Rubber and rubber articles | 3.57 | Mineral fuels, oils | 10.48 |
| 6 | Iron or steel articles | 2.99 | Cereals | 5.83 |
| 7 | Aircraft and spacecraft | 2.55 | Woodpulp; paper or paperboard scraps | 3.79 |
| 8 | Pharmaceutical products | 1.36 | Pharmaceutical products | 2.92 |
| 9 | Iron and steel | 1.14 | Fish, crustaceans, molluscs | 2.68 |
| 10 | Plastic and plastic articles | 1.14 | Boilers, mechanical appliances, etc. | 2.58 |
| % of Total from Japan | 91.67 | % of Total To Japan | 80.47 | |
| Japanese Imports as % of Cdn Total | 2.76 | Japanese Exports as % of Cdn Total | 2.00 |
Since the 1990s, Japanese cultural exports to Canada have includedcinema andanimation,video games and electronics, as well asfood andmusic. They have gained popularity amongmillenial andGen Z Canadians.
Japanese migration to Canada began in the 1800s and was quite strong until restrictions were put in place at the turn of the century.Japantown in Vancouver was formerly a centre of Japanese Canadian life, although in recent years, the Japanese community is no longer based in the area.
Both countries are members of theAsia-Pacific Economic Cooperation,CPTPP,G7 andG20 major economies,OECD,United Nations,International Monetary Fund,World Trade Organization, and among others. Canada and Japan were also part ofTrans-Pacific Partnership, for the boost of Indo-Pacific cooperation.
| Diplomatic posts | |
|---|---|
| Diplomacy | |
| Incidents | |
| Related | |
| |||||||||||
| |||||||||||
|  | |||||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||||
.svg)
